High-risk Toddlers Flashcards
1
Q
damage to the skin caused by heat, radiation, friction, or chemicals
A
burns
2
Q
cause of burn: fire and hot liquids are the most common causes of burns.
A
thermals
3
Q
cause of burn: is caused by hot liquids or gases and most commonly occurs from exposure to hot drinks, high temperature tap water in baths or showers, hot cooking oil, or steam.
A
scalding
4
Q
cause of burn: direct contact with open flame of fire.
A
flame
5
Q
cause of burn: direct contact with hot objects.
A
contact
6
Q
cause of burn: can be caused by substances, most of which are either strong base or strong acid.
A
chemical
7
Q
most chemical burns are secondary to _.
A
ingestion
8
Q
10 causes of burns
A
thermal
scalding
flame
contact
chemical
electrical
flash
lightning
radiation
friction
9
Q
cause of burns: classified as high voltage (≥ to 1000 volts), low voltage (< 1000 volts), or as flash
burns secondary to an electric arc.
A
electrical
10
Q
cause of burns: exposure to the energy produced by explosive material.
A
flash
11
Q
cause of burns: may be caused by protracted exposure to ultraviolet light (sun, tanning booths, or arc welding), or from ionizing radiation (radiation therapy, X-rays).
A
radiation
12
Q
cause of burns: rapid movement of a surface against the skin.
A
friction
13
Q
common chemical agents that can cause burns are (3)
A
sulfuric acid
sodium hypochlorite
halogenated hydrocarbons
14
Q
common household name for sulfuric acid
A
toilet cleaners
15
Q
common household name for sodium hypochlorite
A
bleach
16
Q
common household name for halogenated hydrocarbons
A
paint remover
17
Q
_ can cause particularly deep burns that may not become symptomatic until some time after exposure.
A
hydrofluoric acid
18
Q
chemical that may cause the breakdown of significant numbers of RBC.
A
formic acid
19
Q
the most common cause of electrical burns in children are _ followed by _.
A
electrical cords
electrical outlets
20
Q
examples of ultraviolet light (3)
A
sun
tanning booths
arc welding
21
Q
examples of ionizing radiation (2)
A
radiation therapy, x-rays
22
Q
2 sources of radiation
A
ultraviolet light
ionizing radiation
23
Q
first degree burn or also known as
A
superficial
24
Q
second degree burn or also known as
A
superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness
25
third degree burn or also known as
full thickness
26
layers involved with first degree burns
epidermis
27
layers involved with second degree burns (superficial)
extends into superficial (papillary) dermis
28
layers involved with second degree burns (deep)
extends into deep (reticular) dermis
29
layers involved in third degree burns
extends through entire dermis
30
layers involved in fourth degree burns
extends through the entire skin, into underlying fat, muscle, and bone
31
appearance of first degree burns
red without blisters
32
appearance of second degree burns (superficial)
redness with clear blister
blanches with pressure
33
appearance of second degree burns (deep)
yellow or white
less blanching
may be blistering
34
appearance of third degree burns
stiff and white/brown
no blanching
35
appearance of fourth degree burns
black
charred with eschar
36
texture of first degree burn
dry
37
texture of second degree burns (superficial)
moist
38
texture of second degree burns (deep)
fairly dry
39
texture of third degree burns
leathery
40
texture of fourth degree burns
dry
41
very painful degree of burn
second degree (superficial)
42
painless degrees of burns
third and fourth degree
43
healing time of first degree burns
5-10 days
44
healing time of second degree burns (superficial)
2-3 weeks
45
healing time of second degree burns (deep)
3-8 weeks
46
healing time of third degree burns
prolonged (months) and incomplete
47
healing time of fourth degree burns
requires excision
48
prognosis of degree of burn: heals well, repeated sunburns increase the risk of skin cancer later in life.
first degree burns
49
prognosis of degree of burn: local infection (cellulitis) but no scarring typically.
second degree burns (superficial)
50
prognosis of degree of burn: scarring, contractures, andmay require excision and skin grafting
second degree burn (deep)
51
prognosis of degree of burn: scarring, contractures, amputation (early excision recommended)
third degree burns
52
prognosis of degree of burn: amputation, significant functional impairement and some cases, death.
fourth degree burns
53
if a person has burns, what should be the no. 1 priority?
resuscitation beginning with assessment and stabilization of ABC
54
in children with burns, resuscitatation starts with _ and stabilization of _ (3).
in children with burns, resuscitatation starts with **assessment** and stabilization of **airway, breathing, and circulation**.
55
in children with burns, after resuscitation, what follows next?
care of the burn wound
56
for people with extensive burns, what should be done first until they arrive at a hospital?
wrapped in clean sheets
57
as burn wounds are prone to infection, a _ should be given if an individual has not been immunized within the last five years.
as burn wounds are prone to infection, a **tetanus booster** should be given if an individual has not been immunized within the last five years.
58
what should you do in burn victims that have the risk of dehydration?
administer intravenous fluid
59
for people with burns, _ may be used in addition to analgesics to help with anxiety.
benzodiazepines
60
for people with burns during the healing process, what can be used to aid itching? (3)
antihistamines
massage
transcutaneous nerve stimulation
61
for people with burns, wounds requiring surgical closure with _ (typically anything more than a small full thickness burn) should be dealt with as early as possible.
skin grafts or flaps
62
circumferential burns of the limbs or chest may need urgent surgical release of skin.
escharotomy
63
what is an alternative medicine for burns, which has been used sinc ancient times to aid wound healing and may be beneficial in first and second degree burns?
honey
64
accidental poisoning is common, especially among toddlers aged between _ and _ years.
accidental poisoning is common, especially among toddlers aged between **one** and **three** years.
65
a child may also be poisoned if they are given the _ medicine or _ of medicine.
wrong medicine, wrong dose of medicine
66
medications that may cause poisoning in children if they ingest it or a parent may give an incorrect dose (6)
pain relievers
diabetes medicines
iron tablets
sedatives
heart medicines
antihypertensives
67
poisoning can occur from the ingestion or inhalation of household substances, such as (6)
bleach or toilet bowl cleanser
laundry detergent pods
pesticides or insecticides
glue
paint thinners and removers
oven and drain cleanser
68
poisoning from these items (medication and household products and pesticides) can cause damage to a child's _ or _. some of these items can also burn the skin or eyes.
gastrointestinal tract
airway
69
a colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas that may be emitted from fuel-burning appliances that aren't working properly or aren't vented properly, which may cause poisoning.
carbon monoxide
70
Dangerous levels of carbon monoxide, which is a colorless, odorless, and
poisonous gas, may be emitted from fuel-burning appliances that aren’t working properly or aren’t properly vented (7)
space heaters
gas ranges and ovens
clothes dryers
gas water heaters
portable generators
wood-burning fireplaces and stoves
automobiles
71
low concentrations of carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms such as _, and _. while higher concentrations can cause _, _, and _.
low concentrations of carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms such as **fatigue**, and **nausea**. while higher concentrations can cause **difficulty in breathing**, **loss of consciousness**, and **heart damage**.
72
some indoor and outdoor plants contain toxins that can be poisonous, and can affect the stomach, heart, liver, respiratory system, or skin including (8)
daffodils
dumb cane
foxglove
hydrangea
lillies
oleanders
rhododendrons
wisteria
73
types of poisoning in children
medication
household products and pesticides
carbon monoxide
household plants
alcohol, nicotine, and illicit substances
hydrocarbons
batteries
personal care products
74
alcohol intoxication can affect children who drink alcoholic beverages, including wine, beer, and liquor. it can also be found in perfume, mouthwash, cleansing products, hand sanitizers, and OTC cold medications. in children, alcohol poisoning can cause _, which can lead to _, and_.
alcohol intoxication can affect children who drink alcoholic beverages, including wine, beer, and liquor. it can also be found in perfume, mouthwash, cleansing products, hand sanitizers, and OTC cold medications. in children, alcohol poisoning can cause **low blood sugar**, which can lead to **seizures**, and **coma**.
75
liquid nicotine solution used in e-cigarettes can be poisonous if a child ingests it or if it comes in contact with the skin. cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and nicotine gum can also be poisonou if ingested. nicotine patches can be poisonous if a child ingests them or if they come in contact with the skin. it can cause (3)
nausea
vomiting
seizures
76
Poisoning from illicit substances can cause serious health consequences, including changes in
_, _, _, and _.
These substances include cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, synthetic cannabinoids – known
as synthetic marijuana.
Poisoning from illicit substances can cause serious health consequences, including changes in
**alertness and responsiveness**, **slow or depressed breathing**, **unconsciousness**, and **seizures**.
These substances include cocaine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, synthetic cannabinoids – known
as synthetic marijuana.
77
Poisoning from illicit substances can cause serious health consequences, including changes in
alertness and responsiveness, slow or depressed breathing, unconsciousness, and seizures.
These substances include _, _, _, _ – known
as synthetic marijuana.
Poisoning from illicit substances can cause serious health consequences, including changes in
alertness and responsiveness, slow or depressed breathing, unconsciousness, and seizures.
These substances include **cocaine**, **methamphetamine**, **ecstasy**, **synthetic cannabinoids** – known
as synthetic marijuana.
78
hydrocarbons include gasoline kerosene, lamp oil, lighter fluid, paint thinners and removers, and motor oil. young children may unintentionally ingest these fluids. exposure to these poisons can affect the _ and _.
respiratory and central nervous system
79
Items such as watches, calculators, remote controls, and toys may be
battery-powered. Children may swallow small batteries, particularly flat “button” batteries.
Batteries may contain alkaline chemicals that can leak or generate an electrical current, which
can cause burns or holes in the _.
esophagus
80
Some personal care products, such as nail polish remover or perfume,
can be poisonous if ingested. Exposure to these products may lead to symptoms including _, _, or _.
vomiting
drowsiness
difficulty breathing
81
t/f: if child ingests poisonous products, do not try to make the child vomit.
t
82
signs and symptoms of poisoning (6)
nausea
vomiting
drowsiness
falling over
abdominal pain
fitting
83
the best prevention to poisoning in children
make sure they do not have access to any poisons or medicines
84
treatment for swallowed poison
take the item away from the child, and have the child spit out any remaining substance. do not make your child vomit. do not use syrup.
85
if a button-cell battery or a battery is lodged in the child’s nose, ear, or throat, seek treatment in a hospital emergency department immediately. serious tissue damage
can occur in as little as _.
2 hours
86
treatment for skin poison
remove the child's clothes and rinse the skin with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes
87
treatment for eye poison
flush the child's eye by holding the eyelid open and pouring a steady stream of room temperature water into the inner corner for 15 minutes
88
treatment for poisonous fumes
take the child outside into fresh air immediately. if the child has stopped breathing, start CPR until the child breathes on his or her own, or until someone can take over.
89
physical sexual or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children, especially by a part or a caregiver.
child abuse or child maltreatment
90
who said this, "all forms of physical or emotional ill treatment, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent treatment or commercial or other exploitation, resulting in actual potential harm to the child's health, survival, development, or dignity in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power."
WHO
91
5 causes or risk factors of child abuse
unintended conception
intent to punish
abused by spouse
economic recession
substance abuse
92
intentional use of physical force against the child that results in - or has a high likelihood of resulting in - harm for the child’s health, survival, development or dignity (WHO). this includes (5)
hitting - strangling
beating - scalding
kicking - burning
shaking - poisoning
biting - suffocating
93
a form of child abuse in which an adult or older adolescent abuses a child for sexual stimulation.
child sexual abuse
94
refers to the participation of a child in a sexual act aimed toward the physical gratification or the financial profit of the person committing the act.
sexual abuse
95
forms of child sexual abuse includes (7)
asking or pressuring child to engage in sexual activities
incident exposure of the genitals to a child
displaying pornography to a child
actual sexual contact with a child
physical contact with the child’s genitals
viewing of the child’s genitalia without physical contact
using a child to produce child pornography
96
selling sexual services of children may be viewed and treated as child abuse rather than simple _.
incarceration
97
non-accidental verbal or symbolic acts by a child’s parent or caregiver that result, or have reasonable potential to result, in significant psychological harm to the child (american psychiatric association, 2013).
psychological abuse
98
inappropriate or excessive demands and coarse and rude attitude is an example of what associations of psychological abuse
degradation
99
destruction of personal belongings and torture or killing of pet is an example of what associations of psychological abuse
inattention
100
routine labelling or humiliation and harsh criticism is an example of what associations of psychological abuse
ridicule
101
psychological abuse in children includes (3)
degradation
inattention
ridicule
102
failure of a parent or other person with responsibility for the child, to provide basic needs, medical care, or supervision to the degree that the child’s health, safety, or well-being may be threatened with harm.
child neglect
103
lack of attention from the people surrounding a child, and non-provision of the relevant and adequate necessities for the child’s survival, which would be a lack of attention, love, and nurturing.
neglect
104
observable signs of neglect in children (5)
child is frequently absent in school
bags or steals food or money
lacks needed medical and dental care
is consistently dirty
lacks appropriate clothing for the weather
105
child abuse can result in immediate adverse physical effects but it is also strongly associated with developmental problems and with many chronic physical and psychological effects, including (4)
subsequent ill-health
higher rates of chronic conditions
high-risk health behaviors
shortened lifespan
106
maltreated children may grow up to be _.
maltreating adults
107
3 types of child abuse
sexual abuse
psychological abuse
neglect
108
two treatments for child abuse
cognitive behavioral therapy
parent-child interaction therapy
109
cognitive behavioral therapy is a treatment for child abuse that targets trauma-related symptoms in children including (3). it also includes a component for non-offending parents.
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
clinical depression
anxiety
110
treatment for child abuse that targets trauma-related symptoms in children including PTSD, clinical depression, and anxiety. it also includes a component for non-offending parents.
cognitive behavioral therapy
111
treatment for child abuse designed to improve the child-parent relationship following the experience of domestic violence. it targets trauma-related symptoms in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, including PTSD, aggression, defiance, and anxiety
parent-child interaction therapy
112
parent-child interaction therapy is a treatment for child abuse designed to improve the child-parent relationship following the experience of domestic violence. it targets trauma-related symptoms in infants, toddlers, and preschoolers, including (4)
PTSD
aggression
defiance
anxiety
113
a group of permanent movement disorders that appear in early childhood.
cerebral palsy
114
due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain which can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood.
cerebral palsy
115
more than _ cases of cerabral palsy are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy.
three-quarters
116
t/f: most children who are born with cerebral palsy have more than one risk factor associated with cerebral palsy.
t
117
typical causes of cerebral palsy (4)
problems in intrauterine development (exposure to radiation, infection, fetal growth restriction)
hypoxia of the brain (thrombotic events, placental conditions)
birth trauma during labor and delivery
complications around birth or during childhood
118
risk factors for cerebral palsy during/before birth (16)
preterm birth
term infants
multiple-birth infants
sga (1-1.5kg)
born before 28 weeks
placental problems
birth defects
lbw
breathing meconium in the lungs
delivery requiring either the use of instruments or an emergency cs
birth asphyxia
seizures just after birth
rds
hypoglycemia
infections in the baby
genetics
119
causes of cerebral palsy in early childhood (10)
toxins
severe jaundice
lead poisoning
physical brain injury
stroke
abusive head trauma
hypoxia to the brain (near drowning), encephalitis or meningitis
maternal infections
chorioamnionitis
120
most inherited cases of cerebral palsy are _
autosomal recessive
121
between _ - _ of all children who develop cerebral palsy are preterm.
40-50%
122
most of the cases of cerebral palsy (_%) are believed due to issues that occur around the time of birth, often just after birth.
75-90%
123
cerebral palsy is most likely to occur in infants who are born with a weight between _ and occurs in _%.
1-1.5kg
6
124
babies born before _ weeks of gestation is more likely to have cerebral palsy and it occurs in _.
28 weeks
11%
125
about _% of all cerebral palsy cases are inherited.
2%
126
what enzyme is mostly associated with cerebral palsy being inherited?
glutamate decarboxylase
127
infection of the fetal membranes
chorioamnionitis
128
how can you diagnose cerebral palsy
neuroimaging with CT or MRI
129
symptoms and diagnosis of cerebral palsy typically occur by the age of _.
2 years old
130
symptoms and diagnosis of a milder cerebral palsy typically occur over the age of _, if not in adulthood, when finally diagnosed.
5 years old
131
t/f: cerebral palsy is a developmental disability.
t
132
signs and symptoms of cerebral palsy (4)
low bone mineral density
eating problems
speech and language disorders
pain and sleep disturbances
133
4 classifications of cerebral palsy
spastic
ataxic
athetoid
mixed
134
the most common type of overall cerebral palsy (80%)
spastic
135
classification of cerebral palsy that is characterized by spasticity or high muscle tone often resulting in stiff, jerky movements.
spastic
136
types of spastic CP (4)
spastic hemiplegia
spastic diplegia
spastic quadriplegia
spastic monoplegia
137
type of spastic CP where solely one limb or one specific area of the body is affected.
spastic monoplegia
138
spastic CP affects the _ of the brain, a specific portion of the cerebral cortex responsible for the planning and completion of voluntary movements.
motor cortex
139
least frequent form of CP (5-10%)
ataxic
140
ataxic CP is known to decrease muscle tone caused by damage to _ which is essential for coordinating muscle movements and balance.
cerebellar structures
141
most common manifestation of ataxic CP is _, which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements, such as tying shoe laces or writing with a pencil.
intention (action) tremor
142
athetoid CP, also known as
dyskinetic CP (ADCP)
143
classification of CP that is primarily associated with lesions that occur during brain development due to bilirubin encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
athetoid/dyskinetic
144
athetoid is a classification of CP that is primarily associated with lesions that occur during brain development due to _ and _.
bilirubin encephalopathy
hypoxic-ischemic brain injury
145
athetoid/dyskinetic CP is characterized by both _ and _, due to the affected individual’s inability to control muscle tone.
hypertonia
hypotonia
146
non-spastic, extrapyramidal form of CP
athetoid/dyskinetic
147
two types of athetoid/dyskinetic CP
choreo-athetioid CO
dystonic CP
148
type of athetoid/dyskinetic CP that is characterized by involuntary movements most predominantly found in the face and extremities.
choreo-athetioid CP
149
type of athetoid/dyskinetic CP that is characterized by slow, strong contractions, which may occur locally or encompass the whole body.
dystonic ADCP
150
type of CP that has symptoms of athetoid, ataxic, and spastic CP appearing simultaneously, each to varying degrees, and both with and without symptoms of each.
mixed
151
type of CP that is most difficult to treat as it is extremely heterogenous and sometimes unpredictable in its symptoms and development over the lifespan.
mixed
