High Level D1 Flashcards
Main structural sections of a grape vine
Shoots
One-year old wood
Permanent wood
Roots
Major structures of grape vine shoots
Buds
Leaves
Lateral shoots
Tendrils
Inflorescences/grape bunches
What are the methods for vine propagation
Cutting
Layering
Clonal Selection
Mass Selection
Methods for creating new grape varieties
Seeds
Hybrids
Crossings
Growth Cycles
Dormancy
Budburst
Shoot and Leaf Growth
Flowering and Fruitset
Grape development
Early grape ripening
Veraison
Ripening
Extra ripening
Growing environment influences
temperature
sunlight
latitude
altitude
proximity to water
aspect/slopes
mist, fog, clouds
wind
soil
Describe maritime climate
Low annual difference between coldest and warmest temps
Rainfall spread throughout the year
Describe mediterranean climate
Low annual difference between coldest and warmest temps
Rainfall falls in the winter
Describe continental climate
High annual difference between coldest and warmest temps
Short summers, cold winters
Temps change quickly in spring and autumn
Give temp ranges for cool, moderate, warm and hot climates
Cool - < 16.5 C
Moderate - 16.5 - 18.5 C
Warm - 18.5 - 21 C
Hot - > 21 C
Name main nutrients that grape vines require
Nitrogen
Potassium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Calcium
Considerations when establishing a vineyard
Site selection
terroir
soil preparations
Planting materials
Grape varieties
Clones
Rootstocks
Considerations when selecting a vineyard site
Price of land
Location, layout, topography
Steep slopes
Will irrigation be required
Ease of access to vineyard
Proximity of vineyard to market, consumers, suppliers
Considerations when preparing the soil in a new vineyard site
Drainage
Structure
Mineral composition
Pests
Unwanted plants
Landscaping
Factors when considering which grape variety to select for a new vineyard site
Style of wine
Yield
Cost
Law
Availability
Market demand
Factors when selecting a grape variety for a new vineyard site
Late/early ripening
Late/early budding
Winter hardiness
Drought resistance
Disease resistance
Vigour
Methods of weed control
Cultivation
Herbicides
Animal Grazing
Mulching
Cover crops
What is cultivation
A method of weed control
Plough soil to cut or disturb the weeds’ root systems
No chemicals - can be used in organic and biodynamic viticulture
Can plough in fertilizers, mow cover crops into soil at same time
Criteria to consider when selecting a rootstock for a new vineyard site
Pests
Vigour
Water
Soil pH
Two types of fertilizers. Give brief description of both.
Organic - derived from fresh or composted plant or animal material - manure, slurry - need to be broken down into inorganic nutrients by organisms
Inorganic - synthetic fertilizers - manufactured from minerals extracted from the ground or synthetic chemicals - provide single or several nutrients - are in inorganic form and readily available to vines
Three types of herbicides
Pre-emergence - sprayed on soil and prevents weeds from growing
Contact - sprayed on weeds and kill green parts of weed that they contract
Systemic - sprayed on weeds and taken in by leaves. Travel up and down weed in the sap and kills the whole plant
What are the key factors of water management
Irrigation
Drainage
What factors need to be considered for irrigation
Sources of water and efficiency of use
Water quality
Amount and timing of irrigation
Types of irrigation
Drip irrigation - most common - cannot be used for frost protection
Flood irrigation
Channel irrigation
Sprinklers - can be used for frost protection