hi Flashcards
What element bonds with others to make up the molecules of life?
carbon
How many valence electrons does carbon
have?
4
What three types of bonds does carbon
typically form with other carbon atoms?
single, double, triple
What are the five main elements that
carbon bonds to to create life’s complex
structures?
oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, nitrogen
Organic molecules are
molecules that contain
carbon and they are essential to life
Monomers are
small molecules that link
together
Polymers are
are straight chains of monomers
linked together
What are the four major
groups of macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins.
Synthesis of polymer
dehydration
Breakdown of polymer
hydrolysis
Carbohydrates are always multiple
of
CH2O
Carbohydrates are
fast fuel(sugar)
monomer:
monosaccharide
Lipids
slow fuel; energy is stored within, saturated & unsaturated forms, Hydrophobic; important for cell
membranes
examples of lipids
Triglycerides, steroids, waxes
Lipids:
hydrophobic molecules consist ofglycerol and fatty acids
Lipids are NOT considered polymers. Why?
Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol, which are quite different from one another. They are not linked together in a chain.
why are saturated fats solid?
the molecules of a saturated fat, such as butter, pack closely together, forming a solid
why are unsaturated fats liquid?
due to kinks in their fatty acid chains, the molecules cannot pack together to form a solid
Phospholipids make up
cell membranes
What are saturated fats saturated with?
hydrogen atoms
examples of Proteins
peptides and polypeptides
proteins:
Important for many cellular functions (enzymes, storage) ,Four levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
monomer of protein:
amino acid
What kind of bonds join peptides?
peptide bonds
What type of bond links the fatty acid chains to the
glycerol in triglycerides? What type of biomolecules are
triglycerides?
Lipids
List at least 2 of the three subunits that make up an
amino acid?
carboxylic group, amino group, r side chain
What determines the primary structure of proteins?
The sequence of amino acids
If there are 12 carbon atoms in a carbohydrate molecule, how many oxygens are there? How many hydrogens?
12 oxygen, 24 hydrogen
hormones are
lipids
This is a difference between DNA and RNA.
They have a different 5-carbon sugar
Are the cells in your muscles different from the cells in your brain because they contain different DNA?
no, because of gene expression
What gives an amino acid its identity? For example,
what differs between alanine and arginine?
R side chain
What types of foods may contain nucleic acids?
natural foods
What type of bonds join protein monomers together?
peptide bonds
Describe each level of protein structure.
primary: sequence of amino acids
secondary: 2D folding
tertiary: 3D folding
Quarternary: joining with other peptides
