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Hi Flashcards

1
Q

Mycology

A

fungi

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2
Q

Phycology

A

algae

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3
Q

Robert Hooke

A

cell wall

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4
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

microorganisms as animalcules; Father of Microbiology; single lens

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Germ theory of Disease; fermentation; aerobes and anaerobes

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6
Q

Edward Jenner

A

smallpox vaccine

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7
Q

Joseph Lister

A

aseptic surgery

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8
Q

Bacteria

A

Outer cover: Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

Categories of bacteria:
1. Gram-negative bacteria with outer membrane
2. Gram-positive bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layer
3. Acid-fast bacteria with lipid-rich cell wall
4. Bacteria without cell wall

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9
Q

Fungi

A

Outer surface: chitin; made up of ergosterol

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10
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Salvarsan, treatment for syphilis

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11
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

penicillin from Penicillium notatum

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12
Q

Protozoa

A

representative for parasites; outer surface: pellicle

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13
Q

Prokaryotes

A

simple; unicellular; no nucleus

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14
Q

Eukaryotes

A

complex; multicellular; has nucleus

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15
Q

Cyst

A

infection stage

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16
Q

Viruses

A

outer surface: capsid, composed of repeating subunits called capsomeres

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17
Q

Algae

A

outer surface: cellulose

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18
Q

Shapes

A

Bacilli: rod
Cocci: round
Diplococci: pairs
Streptococci: chains
Staphylococci: clusters
Tetrad: groups of four
Octad: groups of eight

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19
Q

Flagella

A

Thread-like structure made up of protein subunits called flagellin
Types of Flagella:
Monotrichous: single
Lophotrichous: tuft
Amphitrichous: both ends
Peritrichous: around
Atrichous: without flagella

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20
Q

Shapes of Bacteria

A

Vibrio: comma
Treponema: spiral
Corynebacterium: club

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21
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Composed of polysaccharides or polypeptides, or both
Capsule: strongly attached and Indicative of virulence
Slime layer: loosely attached

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22
Q

Cell Wall

A

Principal component: peptidoglycan (murein)
Provides rigid support

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23
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

Selectively permeable

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24
Q

Pili or Fimbriae

A

Function: adherence to cell surface, exchange of genetic material (conjugation)

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25
Q

Axial Filaments

A

Also called endoflagella
Composed of bundles of fibrils

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26
Q

Internal Structures

A

Endospores: composed of dipicolinic acid
Acid-fast cell wall: composed of mycolic acids

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27
Q

Microbial Growth

A

Increase in number of cells
pH conditions:
Alkaliphiles: >8.4-9.0
Neutrophiles: 7.4-7.5
Acidophiles: <4.0

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28
Q

Bacterial Colony

A

Composed of thousands of cells

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29
Q

Osmotic Conditions

A

Nutritional Requirements:
Carbon
Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus
Inorganic ions:
Magnesium: stabilizes ribosomes
Potassium: for normal functioning
Calcium: resistance of endospores
Iron: component of cytochromes
Trace Elements: component of enzymes
Growth Factors:
Resident flora: fixed types
Transient flora: temporarily present on skin

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30
Q

Physical Requirements

A

Moisture / Water
Temperature:
Thermophiles: >40°C
Mesophiles: 20-40°C
Psychrophiles: 10-20°C
Oxygen:
Aerobes: utilize molecular O2
Strict aerobes: require oxygen
Obligate anaerobes: can’t survive without O2
Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without O2
Microaerophiles: grow at low O2
Capnophiles: require additional CO2

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31
Q

4 Phases of Bacterial Growth

A
  1. Lag Phase: period of adjustment
  2. Exponential Phase: rapid cell division
  3. Stationary Phase: period of equilibrium
  4. Death Phase: period of rapid cell death
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32
Q

Factors Eliminating Non-Resident Flora

A

Lysozyme
Acidic pH
Free fatty acids
Sloughing of skin

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33
Q

Regions of Skin

A
  1. Axilla, perineum, and toe webs
  2. Hand, face, and trunk
  3. Upper arms and legs
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34
Q

Skin Organism Remarks

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis: major skin inhabitant
Lactobacillus spp: predominant vaginal flora that prevents infection
Staphylococcus aureus: found in nose
Micrococci:

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35
Q

Lysozyme

A

Acidic pH
Free fatty acids
Sloughing of skin

Regions of Skin:
1. Axilla, perineum, and toe webs
2. Hand, face, and trunk
3. Upper arms and legs

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36
Q

Skin Organism Remarks

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis: major skin inhabitant
Lactobacillus spp: predominant vaginal flora that prevents infection
Staphylococcus aureus: found in nose
Micrococci: 20-80% in the population
Gram-negative Bacilli: seen in moist intertriginous areas
Lipophilic: with hair
Non-lipophilic: hairless
Anaerobic diphtheroids: rich in sebaceous glands

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37
Q

Asepsis

A

Free of microorganisms
Sepsis: develops systemic reaction
2 Categories of Asepsis:
1. Medical asepsis: absence of disease-causing microorganisms
2. Surgical asepsis: absence of all microorganisms

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38
Q

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

A

Mask
Sterile gowns
Bouffant cap
Impermeable boots

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39
Q

Mouth and Respiratory Tract

A

Tongue: inhabited by Streptococcus species (S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis)
Pharynx: Mycoplasma
Upper respiratory: Bordetella pertussis
Lower respiratory: usually sterile

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40
Q

Antisepsis

A

Use of chemical agents
Bactericidal: kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic: inhibits growth of bacteria
Sterilization: killing all microbial forms

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41
Q

Digestive Tract

A

Esophagus and stomach: Helicobacter pylori, common cause of duodenal ulcers
Small intestine: Bacteroides
Large intestine:
- Anaerobes (95-97%): Bacteroides fragilis
- Facultative anaerobes (1-4%): E. coli

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42
Q

Physical Methods of Sterilization

A

Heating: common method expressed in thermal death time

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43
Q

Factors affecting the process of sterilization

A

Nature of heat
Temperature and time
Number of microorganisms
Nature of microorganisms
Type of material
Presence of organic materials

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44
Q

Types of Heat

A

Moist heat: preferred over dry heat; causes coagulation and denaturation
Dry heat: penetration of heat

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45
Q

Freezing

A

Preservation of microorganisms in a process called lyophilization

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46
Q

Effective bactericidal concentration

A

75-80%

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47
Q

Classification of Chemical Disinfectants

A

Consistency
Spectrum of activity
Mechanism of action

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48
Q

Target Structures

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleic acids
Metabolic activity

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49
Q

Mechanisms of Action

A

Surfactant active agents (SPA):
- Cationic: effective at alkaline pH
- Anionic: effective at acidic pH
Phenolic compounds:
- High concentration: disinfectant
- Low concentration: antiseptic
- Phenols: toxic to human cells
- Cresols: phenol derivatives

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50
Q

Desiccation

A

Bactericidal and fungicidal; used for food preservation

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51
Q

Chlorhexidine

A

Wound irrigation

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52
Q

Alcohols (BIME)

A

Benzyl: preservative
Isopropyl: disinfects surfaces
Methyl: disinfects inoculation
Ethyl: skin antiseptic

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53
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of protein structure

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54
Q

Denaturing Agents

A

Acids and alkalis
Alcohol and aldehydes
Phenol and cresol

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55
Q

Modification of Functional Groups

A

Heavy metals: damage enzymes
Halogens: inactivation of enzymes
Alkylating agents:
- Aldehyde: damage nucleic acids
- Formaldehyde: kills M. TB
- Glutaraldehyde: cold sterilant
- Ethylene oxide: gaseous sterilization

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56
Q

Cells included in WBC

A

Granulocytes (50-80%)
Lymphocytes (20-45%)
Monocytes and macrophages (3-8%)

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57
Q

Neutrophils (Acute)

A

Bacterial infections

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58
Q

Lymphocytes (Chronic)

A

Viral infections

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59
Q

Antigen

A

Recognized by the immune system

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60
Q

Target Cells of Immune Response

A

B cells
T cells

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61
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

Presentation of antigens to T cells

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62
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Act as a messenger between innate and adaptive immunity

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63
Q

Epitopes

A

Structure in antigens

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64
Q

Hapten

A

Low molecular weight, induces immune response

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65
Q

Eosinophils

A

Play a role in type I hypersensitivity; secrete major basic protein

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66
Q

Basophils

A

Contain histamine

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67
Q

Platelets

A

For blood coagulation

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68
Q

Target Cells of Immune Response

A

B cells
T cells

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69
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

presentation of antigens to T cells

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70
Q

Dendritic cells

A

act as a messenger between innate and adaptive immunity

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71
Q

Epitopes

A

structure in antigens

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72
Q

Hapten

A

low molecular weight, induces immune response

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73
Q

Eosinophils

A

play a role in type I hypersensitivity; secrete major basic protein

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74
Q

Basophils

A

contain histamine

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75
Q

Platelets

A

for blood coagulation

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76
Q

NK cells

A

classified as cytotoxic T cells

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77
Q

Central Lymphoid Organs (Primary)

A

Sites for differentiation and maturation of important cells
Consist of bone marrow and thymus
- B cells mature in bone marrow
- T cells mature in thymus

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78
Q

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs (Secondary)

A

Consist of lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues

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79
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Also known as natural immunity and non-specific
First line of defense: skin, mucous membrane
Second line of defense: phagocytosis, inflammation

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80
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Specific response takes 7-10 days
Final line of defense:
- Th1 cells: inflammatory response
- Th2 cells: antibody response
- Innate humoral: cytokines
- Adaptive humoral: antibodies

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81
Q

Types of Vaccines

A

Live attenuated
Toxoid
Killed
Subunit

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82
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in blood

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83
Q

Toxemia

A

toxins in blood

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84
Q

Viremia

A

viruses in blood

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85
Q

Virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

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86
Q

Septicemia

A

multiplying bacteria in blood

87
Q

Commensalism

A

form of symbiosis where one organism benefits without harming the other

88
Q

Contamination

A

unwanted materials

89
Q

Disease

A

interruption in normal functioning

90
Q

Infection

A

invasion by pathogen

91
Q

Mutualism

A

form of symbiosis where both organisms benefit

92
Q

Parasitism

A

form of symbiosis where one organism harms the other

93
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability to produce disease

94
Q

Pollution

A

contaminants

95
Q

Pyemia

A

pus-producing bacteria

96
Q

Symbiosis

A

interaction between organisms

97
Q

Human Reservoir

A

Healthy carriers: don’t manifest symptoms
Incubatory carriers: during incubation period
Chronic carriers: for months and longer
Convalescent carriers: recovered but capable of transmitting

98
Q

Types of Immunization

A

Passive: protection is temporary
Active: preferred since protection is long term

99
Q

4 Categories of Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  1. Type I: Allergies
  2. Type II: Cytotoxic
  3. Type III: Immune complex deposition
  4. Type IV: Delayed
100
Q

Classes of Immunoglobulins (GAMED)

A
  1. IgG: most abundant and major defense
  2. IgA: found in first breast milk
  3. IgM: largest
  4. IgE: reaginic antibody
  5. IgD: no known antibody function
101
Q

Water, soil, and plants can harbor infectious organisms

A
102
Q

Chain of Infection

A

1) Reservoir
2) Portal of entry
3) Mode of transmission

103
Q

General Methods of Vector Transmission

A

Mechanical: passive transport
Biological: active transport

104
Q

4) Portal of Entry

A
105
Q

5) Host

A
106
Q

Three ways organisms produce disease

A

1) Mechanical: invasiveness
2) Damage tissues or body surfaces
Chemical: toxin production
- Two major types:
- Endotoxins: integral components
- Exotoxins: intracellular products

107
Q

Three types of exotoxins

A
  • Cytotoxins: kill host cells
  • Neurotoxins: interfere with nerve impulses
  • Enterotoxins: affect cells lining
108
Q

Mycology

A

fungi

109
Q

Phycology

A

algae

110
Q

Robert Hooke

A

cell wall

111
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

microorganisms as animalcules; Father of Microbiology; single lens

112
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Germ theory of Disease; fermentation; aerobes and anaerobes

113
Q

Edward Jenner

A

smallpox vaccine

114
Q

Joseph Lister

A

aseptic surgery

115
Q

Bacteria

A

Outer cover: Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

Categories of bacteria:
1. Gram-negative bacteria with outer membrane
2. Gram-positive bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layer
3. Acid-fast bacteria with lipid-rich cell wall
4. Bacteria without cell wall

116
Q

Fungi

A

Outer surface: chitin; made up of ergosterol

117
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Salvarsan, treatment for syphilis

118
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

penicillin from Penicillium notatum

119
Q

Protozoa

A

representative for parasites; outer surface: pellicle

120
Q

Prokaryotes

A

simple; unicellular; no nucleus

121
Q

Eukaryotes

A

complex; multicellular; has nucleus

122
Q

Cyst

A

infection stage

123
Q

Viruses

A

outer surface: capsid, composed of repeating subunits called capsomeres

124
Q

Algae

A

outer surface: cellulose

125
Q

Shapes

A

Bacilli: rod
Cocci: round
Diplococci: pairs
Streptococci: chains
Staphylococci: clusters
Tetrad: groups of four
Octad: groups of eight

126
Q

Flagella

A

Thread-like structure made up of protein subunits called flagellin
Types of Flagella:
Monotrichous: single
Lophotrichous: tuft
Amphitrichous: both ends
Peritrichous: around
Atrichous: without flagella

127
Q

Shapes of Bacteria

A

Vibrio: comma
Treponema: spiral
Corynebacterium: club

128
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Composed of polysaccharides or polypeptides, or both
Capsule: strongly attached and Indicative of virulence
Slime layer: loosely attached

129
Q

Cell Wall

A

Principal component: peptidoglycan (murein)
Provides rigid support

130
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

Selectively permeable

131
Q

Pili or Fimbriae

A

Function: adherence to cell surface, exchange of genetic material (conjugation)

132
Q

Axial Filaments

A

Also called endoflagella
Composed of bundles of fibrils

133
Q

Internal Structures

A

Endospores: composed of dipicolinic acid
Acid-fast cell wall: composed of mycolic acids

134
Q

Microbial Growth

A

Increase in number of cells
pH conditions:
Alkaliphiles: >8.4-9.0
Neutrophiles: 7.4-7.5
Acidophiles: <4.0

135
Q

Bacterial Colony

A

Composed of thousands of cells

136
Q

Osmotic Conditions

A

Nutritional Requirements:
Carbon
Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus
Inorganic ions:
Magnesium: stabilizes ribosomes
Potassium: for normal functioning
Calcium: resistance of endospores
Iron: component of cytochromes
Trace Elements: component of enzymes
Growth Factors:
Resident flora: fixed types
Transient flora: temporarily present on skin

137
Q

Physical Requirements

A

Moisture / Water
Temperature:
Thermophiles: >40°C
Mesophiles: 20-40°C
Psychrophiles: 10-20°C
Oxygen:
Aerobes: utilize molecular O2
Strict aerobes: require oxygen
Obligate anaerobes: can’t survive without O2
Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without O2
Microaerophiles: grow at low O2
Capnophiles: require additional CO2

138
Q

4 Phases of Bacterial Growth

A
  1. Lag Phase: period of adjustment
  2. Exponential Phase: rapid cell division
  3. Stationary Phase: period of equilibrium
  4. Death Phase: period of rapid cell death
139
Q

Factors Eliminating Non-Resident Flora

A

Lysozyme
Acidic pH
Free fatty acids
Sloughing of skin

140
Q

Regions of Skin

A
  1. Axilla, perineum, and toe webs
  2. Hand, face, and trunk
  3. Upper arms and legs
141
Q

Skin Organism Remarks

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis: major skin inhabitant
Lactobacillus spp: predominant vaginal flora that prevents infection
Staphylococcus aureus: found in nose
Micrococci:

142
Q

Lysozyme

A

Acidic pH
Free fatty acids
Sloughing of skin

Regions of Skin:
1. Axilla, perineum, and toe webs
2. Hand, face, and trunk
3. Upper arms and legs

143
Q

Skin Organism Remarks

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis: major skin inhabitant
Lactobacillus spp: predominant vaginal flora that prevents infection
Staphylococcus aureus: found in nose
Micrococci: 20-80% in the population
Gram-negative Bacilli: seen in moist intertriginous areas
Lipophilic: with hair
Non-lipophilic: hairless
Anaerobic diphtheroids: rich in sebaceous glands

144
Q

Asepsis

A

Free of microorganisms
Sepsis: develops systemic reaction
2 Categories of Asepsis:
1. Medical asepsis: absence of disease-causing microorganisms
2. Surgical asepsis: absence of all microorganisms

145
Q

PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)

A

Mask
Sterile gowns
Bouffant cap
Impermeable boots

146
Q

Mouth and Respiratory Tract

A

Tongue: inhabited by Streptococcus species (S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis)
Pharynx: Mycoplasma
Upper respiratory: Bordetella pertussis
Lower respiratory: usually sterile

147
Q

Antisepsis

A

Use of chemical agents
Bactericidal: kills bacteria
Bacteriostatic: inhibits growth of bacteria
Sterilization: killing all microbial forms

148
Q

Digestive Tract

A

Esophagus and stomach: Helicobacter pylori, common cause of duodenal ulcers
Small intestine: Bacteroides
Large intestine:
- Anaerobes (95-97%): Bacteroides fragilis
- Facultative anaerobes (1-4%): E. coli

149
Q

Physical Methods of Sterilization

A

Heating: common method expressed in thermal death time

150
Q

Factors affecting the process of sterilization

A

Nature of heat
Temperature and time
Number of microorganisms
Nature of microorganisms
Type of material
Presence of organic materials

151
Q

Types of Heat

A

Moist heat: preferred over dry heat; causes coagulation and denaturation
Dry heat: penetration of heat

152
Q

Freezing

A

Preservation of microorganisms in a process called lyophilization

153
Q

Effective bactericidal concentration

A

75-80%

154
Q

Classification of Chemical Disinfectants

A

Consistency
Spectrum of activity
Mechanism of action

155
Q

Target Structures

A

Cell wall
Cell membrane
Nucleic acids
Metabolic activity

156
Q

Mechanisms of Action

A

Surfactant active agents (SPA):
- Cationic: effective at alkaline pH
- Anionic: effective at acidic pH
Phenolic compounds:
- High concentration: disinfectant
- Low concentration: antiseptic
- Phenols: toxic to human cells
- Cresols: phenol derivatives

157
Q

Desiccation

A

Bactericidal and fungicidal; used for food preservation

158
Q

Chlorhexidine

A

Wound irrigation

159
Q

Alcohols (BIME)

A

Benzyl: preservative
Isopropyl: disinfects surfaces
Methyl: disinfects inoculation
Ethyl: skin antiseptic

160
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of protein structure

161
Q

Denaturing Agents

A

Acids and alkalis
Alcohol and aldehydes
Phenol and cresol

162
Q

Modification of Functional Groups

A

Heavy metals: damage enzymes
Halogens: inactivation of enzymes
Alkylating agents:
- Aldehyde: damage nucleic acids
- Formaldehyde: kills M. TB
- Glutaraldehyde: cold sterilant
- Ethylene oxide: gaseous sterilization

163
Q

Cells included in WBC

A

Granulocytes (50-80%)
Lymphocytes (20-45%)
Monocytes and macrophages (3-8%)

164
Q

Neutrophils (Acute)

A

Bacterial infections

165
Q

Lymphocytes (Chronic)

A

Viral infections

166
Q

Antigen

A

Recognized by the immune system

167
Q

Target Cells of Immune Response

A

B cells
T cells

168
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

Presentation of antigens to T cells

169
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Act as a messenger between innate and adaptive immunity

170
Q

Epitopes

A

Structure in antigens

171
Q

Hapten

A

Low molecular weight, induces immune response

172
Q

Eosinophils

A

Play a role in type I hypersensitivity; secrete major basic protein

173
Q

Basophils

A

Contain histamine

174
Q

Platelets

A

For blood coagulation

175
Q

Target Cells of Immune Response

A

B cells
T cells

176
Q

Antigen-presenting cells

A

presentation of antigens to T cells

177
Q

Dendritic cells

A

act as a messenger between innate and adaptive immunity

178
Q

Epitopes

A

structure in antigens

179
Q

Hapten

A

low molecular weight, induces immune response

180
Q

Eosinophils

A

play a role in type I hypersensitivity; secrete major basic protein

181
Q

Basophils

A

contain histamine

182
Q

Platelets

A

for blood coagulation

183
Q

NK cells

A

classified as cytotoxic T cells

184
Q

Central Lymphoid Organs (Primary)

A

Sites for differentiation and maturation of important cells
Consist of bone marrow and thymus
- B cells mature in bone marrow
- T cells mature in thymus

185
Q

Peripheral Lymphoid Organs (Secondary)

A

Consist of lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues

186
Q

Innate Immunity

A

Also known as natural immunity and non-specific
First line of defense: skin, mucous membrane
Second line of defense: phagocytosis, inflammation

187
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Specific response takes 7-10 days
Final line of defense:
- Th1 cells: inflammatory response
- Th2 cells: antibody response
- Innate humoral: cytokines
- Adaptive humoral: antibodies

188
Q

Types of Vaccines

A

Live attenuated
Toxoid
Killed
Subunit

189
Q

Bacteremia

A

bacteria in blood

190
Q

Toxemia

A

toxins in blood

191
Q

Viremia

A

viruses in blood

192
Q

Virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

193
Q

Septicemia

A

multiplying bacteria in blood

194
Q

Commensalism

A

form of symbiosis where one organism benefits without harming the other

195
Q

Contamination

A

unwanted materials

196
Q

Disease

A

interruption in normal functioning

197
Q

Infection

A

invasion by pathogen

198
Q

Mutualism

A

form of symbiosis where both organisms benefit

199
Q

Parasitism

A

form of symbiosis where one organism harms the other

200
Q

Pathogenicity

A

ability to produce disease

201
Q

Pollution

A

contaminants

202
Q

Pyemia

A

pus-producing bacteria

203
Q

Symbiosis

A

interaction between organisms

204
Q

Human Reservoir

A

Healthy carriers: don’t manifest symptoms
Incubatory carriers: during incubation period
Chronic carriers: for months and longer
Convalescent carriers: recovered but capable of transmitting

205
Q

Types of Immunization

A

Passive: protection is temporary
Active: preferred since protection is long term

206
Q

4 Categories of Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  1. Type I: Allergies
  2. Type II: Cytotoxic
  3. Type III: Immune complex deposition
  4. Type IV: Delayed
207
Q

Classes of Immunoglobulins (GAMED)

A
  1. IgG: most abundant and major defense
  2. IgA: found in first breast milk
  3. IgM: largest
  4. IgE: reaginic antibody
  5. IgD: no known antibody function
208
Q

Water, soil, and plants can harbor infectious organisms

A
209
Q

Chain of Infection

A

1) Reservoir
2) Portal of entry
3) Mode of transmission

210
Q

General Methods of Vector Transmission

A

Mechanical: passive transport
Biological: active transport

211
Q

4) Portal of Entry

A
212
Q

5) Host

A
213
Q

Three ways organisms produce disease

A

1) Mechanical: invasiveness
2) Damage tissues or body surfaces
Chemical: toxin production
- Two major types:
- Endotoxins: integral components
- Exotoxins: intracellular products

214
Q

Three types of exotoxins

A
  • Cytotoxins: kill host cells
  • Neurotoxins: interfere with nerve impulses
  • Enterotoxins: affect cells lining

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