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1
Q

Mycology

A

fungi

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2
Q

Phycology

A

algae

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3
Q

Robert Hooke

A

cell wall

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4
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

microorganisms as animalcules; Father of Microbiology; single lens

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Germ theory of Disease; fermentation; aerobes and anaerobes

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6
Q

Edward Jenner

A

smallpox vaccine

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7
Q

Joseph Lister

A

aseptic surgery

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8
Q

Bacteria

A

Outer cover: Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

Categories of bacteria:
1. Gram-negative bacteria with outer membrane
2. Gram-positive bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layer
3. Acid-fast bacteria with lipid-rich cell wall
4. Bacteria without cell wall

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9
Q

Fungi

A

Outer surface: chitin; made up of ergosterol

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10
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

Salvarsan, treatment for syphilis

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11
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

penicillin from Penicillium notatum

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12
Q

Protozoa

A

representative for parasites; outer surface: pellicle

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13
Q

Prokaryotes

A

simple; unicellular; no nucleus

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14
Q

Eukaryotes

A

complex; multicellular; has nucleus

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15
Q

Cyst

A

infection stage

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16
Q

Viruses

A

outer surface: capsid, composed of repeating subunits called capsomeres

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17
Q

Algae

A

outer surface: cellulose

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18
Q

Shapes

A

Bacilli: rod
Cocci: round
Diplococci: pairs
Streptococci: chains
Staphylococci: clusters
Tetrad: groups of four
Octad: groups of eight

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19
Q

Flagella

A

Thread-like structure made up of protein subunits called flagellin
Types of Flagella:
Monotrichous: single
Lophotrichous: tuft
Amphitrichous: both ends
Peritrichous: around
Atrichous: without flagella

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20
Q

Shapes of Bacteria

A

Vibrio: comma
Treponema: spiral
Corynebacterium: club

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21
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Composed of polysaccharides or polypeptides, or both
Capsule: strongly attached and Indicative of virulence
Slime layer: loosely attached

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22
Q

Cell Wall

A

Principal component: peptidoglycan (murein)
Provides rigid support

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23
Q

Cytoplasmic Membrane

A

Selectively permeable

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24
Q

Pili or Fimbriae

A

Function: adherence to cell surface, exchange of genetic material (conjugation)

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25
Axial Filaments
Also called endoflagella Composed of bundles of fibrils ## Footnote
26
Internal Structures
Endospores: composed of dipicolinic acid Acid-fast cell wall: composed of mycolic acids ## Footnote
27
Microbial Growth
Increase in number of cells pH conditions: Alkaliphiles: >8.4-9.0 Neutrophiles: 7.4-7.5 Acidophiles: <4.0 ## Footnote
28
Bacterial Colony
Composed of thousands of cells ## Footnote
29
Osmotic Conditions
Nutritional Requirements: Carbon Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus Inorganic ions: Magnesium: stabilizes ribosomes Potassium: for normal functioning Calcium: resistance of endospores Iron: component of cytochromes Trace Elements: component of enzymes Growth Factors: Resident flora: fixed types Transient flora: temporarily present on skin ## Footnote
30
Physical Requirements
Moisture / Water Temperature: Thermophiles: >40°C Mesophiles: 20-40°C Psychrophiles: 10-20°C Oxygen: Aerobes: utilize molecular O2 Strict aerobes: require oxygen Obligate anaerobes: can't survive without O2 Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without O2 Microaerophiles: grow at low O2 Capnophiles: require additional CO2 ## Footnote
31
4 Phases of Bacterial Growth
1. Lag Phase: period of adjustment 2. Exponential Phase: rapid cell division 3. Stationary Phase: period of equilibrium 4. Death Phase: period of rapid cell death ## Footnote
32
Factors Eliminating Non-Resident Flora
Lysozyme Acidic pH Free fatty acids Sloughing of skin ## Footnote
33
Regions of Skin
1. Axilla, perineum, and toe webs 2. Hand, face, and trunk 3. Upper arms and legs ## Footnote
34
Skin Organism Remarks
Staphylococcus epidermidis: major skin inhabitant Lactobacillus spp: predominant vaginal flora that prevents infection Staphylococcus aureus: found in nose Micrococci: ## Footnote
35
Lysozyme
Acidic pH Free fatty acids Sloughing of skin ## Footnote Regions of Skin: 1. Axilla, perineum, and toe webs 2. Hand, face, and trunk 3. Upper arms and legs
36
Skin Organism Remarks
Staphylococcus epidermidis: major skin inhabitant Lactobacillus spp: predominant vaginal flora that prevents infection Staphylococcus aureus: found in nose Micrococci: 20-80% in the population Gram-negative Bacilli: seen in moist intertriginous areas Lipophilic: with hair Non-lipophilic: hairless Anaerobic diphtheroids: rich in sebaceous glands
37
Asepsis
Free of microorganisms Sepsis: develops systemic reaction 2 Categories of Asepsis: 1. Medical asepsis: absence of disease-causing microorganisms 2. Surgical asepsis: absence of all microorganisms
38
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
Mask Sterile gowns Bouffant cap Impermeable boots
39
Mouth and Respiratory Tract
Tongue: inhabited by Streptococcus species (S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis) Pharynx: Mycoplasma Upper respiratory: Bordetella pertussis Lower respiratory: usually sterile
40
Antisepsis
Use of chemical agents Bactericidal: kills bacteria Bacteriostatic: inhibits growth of bacteria Sterilization: killing all microbial forms
41
Digestive Tract
Esophagus and stomach: Helicobacter pylori, common cause of duodenal ulcers Small intestine: Bacteroides Large intestine: - Anaerobes (95-97%): Bacteroides fragilis - Facultative anaerobes (1-4%): E. coli
42
Physical Methods of Sterilization
Heating: common method expressed in thermal death time
43
Factors affecting the process of sterilization
Nature of heat Temperature and time Number of microorganisms Nature of microorganisms Type of material Presence of organic materials
44
Types of Heat
Moist heat: preferred over dry heat; causes coagulation and denaturation Dry heat: penetration of heat
45
Freezing
Preservation of microorganisms in a process called lyophilization
46
Effective bactericidal concentration
75-80%
47
Classification of Chemical Disinfectants
Consistency Spectrum of activity Mechanism of action
48
Target Structures
Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleic acids Metabolic activity
49
Mechanisms of Action
Surfactant active agents (SPA): - Cationic: effective at alkaline pH - Anionic: effective at acidic pH Phenolic compounds: - High concentration: disinfectant - Low concentration: antiseptic - Phenols: toxic to human cells - Cresols: phenol derivatives
50
Desiccation
Bactericidal and fungicidal; used for food preservation
51
Chlorhexidine
Wound irrigation
52
Alcohols (BIME)
Benzyl: preservative Isopropyl: disinfects surfaces Methyl: disinfects inoculation Ethyl: skin antiseptic
53
Denaturation
Loss of protein structure
54
Denaturing Agents
Acids and alkalis Alcohol and aldehydes Phenol and cresol
55
Modification of Functional Groups
Heavy metals: damage enzymes Halogens: inactivation of enzymes Alkylating agents: - Aldehyde: damage nucleic acids - Formaldehyde: kills M. TB - Glutaraldehyde: cold sterilant - Ethylene oxide: gaseous sterilization
56
Cells included in WBC
Granulocytes (50-80%) Lymphocytes (20-45%) Monocytes and macrophages (3-8%)
57
Neutrophils (Acute)
Bacterial infections
58
Lymphocytes (Chronic)
Viral infections
59
Antigen
Recognized by the immune system
60
Target Cells of Immune Response
B cells T cells
61
Antigen-presenting cells
Presentation of antigens to T cells
62
Dendritic cells
Act as a messenger between innate and adaptive immunity
63
Epitopes
Structure in antigens
64
Hapten
Low molecular weight, induces immune response
65
Eosinophils
Play a role in type I hypersensitivity; secrete major basic protein
66
Basophils
Contain histamine
67
Platelets
For blood coagulation
68
Target Cells of Immune Response
B cells T cells
69
Antigen-presenting cells
presentation of antigens to T cells
70
Dendritic cells
act as a messenger between innate and adaptive immunity
71
Epitopes
structure in antigens
72
Hapten
low molecular weight, induces immune response
73
Eosinophils
play a role in type I hypersensitivity; secrete major basic protein
74
Basophils
contain histamine
75
Platelets
for blood coagulation
76
NK cells
classified as cytotoxic T cells
77
Central Lymphoid Organs (Primary)
Sites for differentiation and maturation of important cells Consist of bone marrow and thymus - B cells mature in bone marrow - T cells mature in thymus
78
Peripheral Lymphoid Organs (Secondary)
Consist of lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
79
Innate Immunity
Also known as natural immunity and non-specific First line of defense: skin, mucous membrane Second line of defense: phagocytosis, inflammation
80
Adaptive Immunity
Specific response takes 7-10 days Final line of defense: - Th1 cells: inflammatory response - Th2 cells: antibody response - Innate humoral: cytokines - Adaptive humoral: antibodies
81
Types of Vaccines
Live attenuated Toxoid Killed Subunit
82
Bacteremia
bacteria in blood
83
Toxemia
toxins in blood
84
Viremia
viruses in blood
85
Virulence
degree of pathogenicity
86
Septicemia
multiplying bacteria in blood
87
Commensalism
form of symbiosis where one organism benefits without harming the other
88
Contamination
unwanted materials
89
Disease
interruption in normal functioning
90
Infection
invasion by pathogen
91
Mutualism
form of symbiosis where both organisms benefit
92
Parasitism
form of symbiosis where one organism harms the other
93
Pathogenicity
ability to produce disease
94
Pollution
contaminants
95
Pyemia
pus-producing bacteria
96
Symbiosis
interaction between organisms
97
Human Reservoir
Healthy carriers: don't manifest symptoms Incubatory carriers: during incubation period Chronic carriers: for months and longer Convalescent carriers: recovered but capable of transmitting
98
Types of Immunization
Passive: protection is temporary Active: preferred since protection is long term
99
4 Categories of Hypersensitivity Reactions
1. Type I: Allergies 2. Type II: Cytotoxic 3. Type III: Immune complex deposition 4. Type IV: Delayed
100
Classes of Immunoglobulins (GAMED)
1. IgG: most abundant and major defense 2. IgA: found in first breast milk 3. IgM: largest 4. IgE: reaginic antibody 5. IgD: no known antibody function
101
Water, soil, and plants can harbor infectious organisms
102
Chain of Infection
1) Reservoir 2) Portal of entry 3) Mode of transmission
103
General Methods of Vector Transmission
Mechanical: passive transport Biological: active transport
104
4) Portal of Entry
105
5) Host
106
Three ways organisms produce disease
1) Mechanical: invasiveness 2) Damage tissues or body surfaces Chemical: toxin production - Two major types: - Endotoxins: integral components - Exotoxins: intracellular products
107
Three types of exotoxins
- Cytotoxins: kill host cells - Neurotoxins: interfere with nerve impulses - Enterotoxins: affect cells lining
108
Mycology
fungi ## Footnote
109
Phycology
algae ## Footnote
110
Robert Hooke
cell wall ## Footnote
111
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
microorganisms as animalcules; Father of Microbiology; single lens ## Footnote
112
Louis Pasteur
Germ theory of Disease; fermentation; aerobes and anaerobes ## Footnote
113
Edward Jenner
smallpox vaccine ## Footnote
114
Joseph Lister
aseptic surgery ## Footnote
115
Bacteria
Outer cover: Cell wall composed of peptidoglycan Categories of bacteria: 1. Gram-negative bacteria with outer membrane 2. Gram-positive bacteria with thick peptidoglycan layer 3. Acid-fast bacteria with lipid-rich cell wall 4. Bacteria without cell wall ## Footnote
116
Fungi
Outer surface: chitin; made up of ergosterol ## Footnote
117
Paul Ehrlich
Salvarsan, treatment for syphilis ## Footnote
118
Alexander Fleming
penicillin from Penicillium notatum ## Footnote
119
Protozoa
representative for parasites; outer surface: pellicle ## Footnote
120
Prokaryotes
simple; unicellular; no nucleus ## Footnote
121
Eukaryotes
complex; multicellular; has nucleus ## Footnote
122
Cyst
infection stage ## Footnote
123
Viruses
outer surface: capsid, composed of repeating subunits called capsomeres ## Footnote
124
Algae
outer surface: cellulose ## Footnote
125
Shapes
Bacilli: rod Cocci: round Diplococci: pairs Streptococci: chains Staphylococci: clusters Tetrad: groups of four Octad: groups of eight ## Footnote
126
Flagella
Thread-like structure made up of protein subunits called flagellin Types of Flagella: Monotrichous: single Lophotrichous: tuft Amphitrichous: both ends Peritrichous: around Atrichous: without flagella ## Footnote
127
Shapes of Bacteria
Vibrio: comma Treponema: spiral Corynebacterium: club ## Footnote
128
Glycocalyx
Composed of polysaccharides or polypeptides, or both Capsule: strongly attached and Indicative of virulence Slime layer: loosely attached ## Footnote
129
Cell Wall
Principal component: peptidoglycan (murein) Provides rigid support ## Footnote
130
Cytoplasmic Membrane
Selectively permeable ## Footnote
131
Pili or Fimbriae
Function: adherence to cell surface, exchange of genetic material (conjugation) ## Footnote
132
Axial Filaments
Also called endoflagella Composed of bundles of fibrils ## Footnote
133
Internal Structures
Endospores: composed of dipicolinic acid Acid-fast cell wall: composed of mycolic acids ## Footnote
134
Microbial Growth
Increase in number of cells pH conditions: Alkaliphiles: >8.4-9.0 Neutrophiles: 7.4-7.5 Acidophiles: <4.0 ## Footnote
135
Bacterial Colony
Composed of thousands of cells ## Footnote
136
Osmotic Conditions
Nutritional Requirements: Carbon Nitrogen, Sulfur, and Phosphorus Inorganic ions: Magnesium: stabilizes ribosomes Potassium: for normal functioning Calcium: resistance of endospores Iron: component of cytochromes Trace Elements: component of enzymes Growth Factors: Resident flora: fixed types Transient flora: temporarily present on skin ## Footnote
137
Physical Requirements
Moisture / Water Temperature: Thermophiles: >40°C Mesophiles: 20-40°C Psychrophiles: 10-20°C Oxygen: Aerobes: utilize molecular O2 Strict aerobes: require oxygen Obligate anaerobes: can't survive without O2 Facultative anaerobes: can survive with or without O2 Microaerophiles: grow at low O2 Capnophiles: require additional CO2 ## Footnote
138
4 Phases of Bacterial Growth
1. Lag Phase: period of adjustment 2. Exponential Phase: rapid cell division 3. Stationary Phase: period of equilibrium 4. Death Phase: period of rapid cell death ## Footnote
139
Factors Eliminating Non-Resident Flora
Lysozyme Acidic pH Free fatty acids Sloughing of skin ## Footnote
140
Regions of Skin
1. Axilla, perineum, and toe webs 2. Hand, face, and trunk 3. Upper arms and legs ## Footnote
141
Skin Organism Remarks
Staphylococcus epidermidis: major skin inhabitant Lactobacillus spp: predominant vaginal flora that prevents infection Staphylococcus aureus: found in nose Micrococci: ## Footnote
142
Lysozyme
Acidic pH Free fatty acids Sloughing of skin ## Footnote Regions of Skin: 1. Axilla, perineum, and toe webs 2. Hand, face, and trunk 3. Upper arms and legs
143
Skin Organism Remarks
Staphylococcus epidermidis: major skin inhabitant Lactobacillus spp: predominant vaginal flora that prevents infection Staphylococcus aureus: found in nose Micrococci: 20-80% in the population Gram-negative Bacilli: seen in moist intertriginous areas Lipophilic: with hair Non-lipophilic: hairless Anaerobic diphtheroids: rich in sebaceous glands
144
Asepsis
Free of microorganisms Sepsis: develops systemic reaction 2 Categories of Asepsis: 1. Medical asepsis: absence of disease-causing microorganisms 2. Surgical asepsis: absence of all microorganisms
145
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
Mask Sterile gowns Bouffant cap Impermeable boots
146
Mouth and Respiratory Tract
Tongue: inhabited by Streptococcus species (S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis) Pharynx: Mycoplasma Upper respiratory: Bordetella pertussis Lower respiratory: usually sterile
147
Antisepsis
Use of chemical agents Bactericidal: kills bacteria Bacteriostatic: inhibits growth of bacteria Sterilization: killing all microbial forms
148
Digestive Tract
Esophagus and stomach: Helicobacter pylori, common cause of duodenal ulcers Small intestine: Bacteroides Large intestine: - Anaerobes (95-97%): Bacteroides fragilis - Facultative anaerobes (1-4%): E. coli
149
Physical Methods of Sterilization
Heating: common method expressed in thermal death time
150
Factors affecting the process of sterilization
Nature of heat Temperature and time Number of microorganisms Nature of microorganisms Type of material Presence of organic materials
151
Types of Heat
Moist heat: preferred over dry heat; causes coagulation and denaturation Dry heat: penetration of heat
152
Freezing
Preservation of microorganisms in a process called lyophilization
153
Effective bactericidal concentration
75-80%
154
Classification of Chemical Disinfectants
Consistency Spectrum of activity Mechanism of action
155
Target Structures
Cell wall Cell membrane Nucleic acids Metabolic activity
156
Mechanisms of Action
Surfactant active agents (SPA): - Cationic: effective at alkaline pH - Anionic: effective at acidic pH Phenolic compounds: - High concentration: disinfectant - Low concentration: antiseptic - Phenols: toxic to human cells - Cresols: phenol derivatives
157
Desiccation
Bactericidal and fungicidal; used for food preservation
158
Chlorhexidine
Wound irrigation
159
Alcohols (BIME)
Benzyl: preservative Isopropyl: disinfects surfaces Methyl: disinfects inoculation Ethyl: skin antiseptic
160
Denaturation
Loss of protein structure
161
Denaturing Agents
Acids and alkalis Alcohol and aldehydes Phenol and cresol
162
Modification of Functional Groups
Heavy metals: damage enzymes Halogens: inactivation of enzymes Alkylating agents: - Aldehyde: damage nucleic acids - Formaldehyde: kills M. TB - Glutaraldehyde: cold sterilant - Ethylene oxide: gaseous sterilization
163
Cells included in WBC
Granulocytes (50-80%) Lymphocytes (20-45%) Monocytes and macrophages (3-8%)
164
Neutrophils (Acute)
Bacterial infections
165
Lymphocytes (Chronic)
Viral infections
166
Antigen
Recognized by the immune system
167
Target Cells of Immune Response
B cells T cells
168
Antigen-presenting cells
Presentation of antigens to T cells
169
Dendritic cells
Act as a messenger between innate and adaptive immunity
170
Epitopes
Structure in antigens
171
Hapten
Low molecular weight, induces immune response
172
Eosinophils
Play a role in type I hypersensitivity; secrete major basic protein
173
Basophils
Contain histamine
174
Platelets
For blood coagulation
175
Target Cells of Immune Response
B cells T cells
176
Antigen-presenting cells
presentation of antigens to T cells
177
Dendritic cells
act as a messenger between innate and adaptive immunity
178
Epitopes
structure in antigens
179
Hapten
low molecular weight, induces immune response
180
Eosinophils
play a role in type I hypersensitivity; secrete major basic protein
181
Basophils
contain histamine
182
Platelets
for blood coagulation
183
NK cells
classified as cytotoxic T cells
184
Central Lymphoid Organs (Primary)
Sites for differentiation and maturation of important cells Consist of bone marrow and thymus - B cells mature in bone marrow - T cells mature in thymus
185
Peripheral Lymphoid Organs (Secondary)
Consist of lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues
186
Innate Immunity
Also known as natural immunity and non-specific First line of defense: skin, mucous membrane Second line of defense: phagocytosis, inflammation
187
Adaptive Immunity
Specific response takes 7-10 days Final line of defense: - Th1 cells: inflammatory response - Th2 cells: antibody response - Innate humoral: cytokines - Adaptive humoral: antibodies
188
Types of Vaccines
Live attenuated Toxoid Killed Subunit
189
Bacteremia
bacteria in blood
190
Toxemia
toxins in blood
191
Viremia
viruses in blood
192
Virulence
degree of pathogenicity
193
Septicemia
multiplying bacteria in blood
194
Commensalism
form of symbiosis where one organism benefits without harming the other
195
Contamination
unwanted materials
196
Disease
interruption in normal functioning
197
Infection
invasion by pathogen
198
Mutualism
form of symbiosis where both organisms benefit
199
Parasitism
form of symbiosis where one organism harms the other
200
Pathogenicity
ability to produce disease
201
Pollution
contaminants
202
Pyemia
pus-producing bacteria
203
Symbiosis
interaction between organisms
204
Human Reservoir
Healthy carriers: don't manifest symptoms Incubatory carriers: during incubation period Chronic carriers: for months and longer Convalescent carriers: recovered but capable of transmitting
205
Types of Immunization
Passive: protection is temporary Active: preferred since protection is long term
206
4 Categories of Hypersensitivity Reactions
1. Type I: Allergies 2. Type II: Cytotoxic 3. Type III: Immune complex deposition 4. Type IV: Delayed
207
Classes of Immunoglobulins (GAMED)
1. IgG: most abundant and major defense 2. IgA: found in first breast milk 3. IgM: largest 4. IgE: reaginic antibody 5. IgD: no known antibody function
208
Water, soil, and plants can harbor infectious organisms
209
Chain of Infection
1) Reservoir 2) Portal of entry 3) Mode of transmission
210
General Methods of Vector Transmission
Mechanical: passive transport Biological: active transport
211
4) Portal of Entry
212
5) Host
213
Three ways organisms produce disease
1) Mechanical: invasiveness 2) Damage tissues or body surfaces Chemical: toxin production - Two major types: - Endotoxins: integral components - Exotoxins: intracellular products
214
Three types of exotoxins
- Cytotoxins: kill host cells - Neurotoxins: interfere with nerve impulses - Enterotoxins: affect cells lining

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