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psych ch 6 sensation and perception > Hi > Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process of receiving physical energy/information from stimuli/our environment

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process of understanding and interpreting the information we receive through

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3
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

First glance analysis of stimuli, beginning with the sensory receptors before working its way up to the brain’s interpretation.

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4
Q

Top-down processing

A

Filling in the gaps of the analysis of a stimuli from bottom-up processing via brain information

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5
Q

Transduction

A

Process of converting one form of energy into another. For example, converting energy such as sounds into neural impulses that our brain is able to understand.

EX: Smelling smoke -> brain believes there is a fire nearby

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6
Q

Psychophysics

A

Study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

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7
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

Minimum required stimulus energy needed to detect something 50 percent of the time

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8
Q

Difference Threshold

A

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. AKA, the just noticeable difference. *

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Law that states that in order to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a certain constant percentage rather than a certain constant amount

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10
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

The more you feel/see/stimulate yourself, the less you feel/see/sense it.

EX: Yo homie smells musty when you first see him, but after 10 minutes you don’t smell his mustiness anymore.

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11
Q

Perceptual Set

A

A preset mindset on how to perceive something.

EX: If you’ve never seen a car before, you would be like what is that- you might perceive it as some sort of boat, but if I told you what a car is beforehand, you would know that that thing is a car.

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12
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance from one peak to another peak- length of a wave of light or sound. WAVELENGTHS DETERMINE THE COLOR OF SOMETHING!

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13
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of color determined by the wavelength of light. AKA, color!

EX: Blue, green, red

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14
Q

Intensity

A

Amount of energy that a lightwave or soundwave is giving off. The more intense a wave, the more amplified the wave. (height)

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15
Q

Lens

A

Transparent structure behind the pupil; changes shape to help focus images on retina (accomodation)

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16
Q

Retina

A

Inner surface of the eye containing eye receptors known as rods and cones, as well as layers of neurons that begin to process visual information

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17
Q

Accomodation

A

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape in order to focus on near or far objects on the retina.

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18
Q

Rods

A

Eye receptors located in the peripheral of the retina that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral vision, where cones don’t respond

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19
Q

Cones

A

Eye receptors located in the center of the retina, where they clump around the fovea; functions in daylight or well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and color sensations.

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20
Q

Optic Nerve

A

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

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21
Q

Blind Spot

A

The point where the optic nerve leaves the eye, which creates a blind spot because there are no eye receptors located there.

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22
Q

Fovea

A

Central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster.

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23
Q

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three Color) Theory

A

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue- which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.

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24
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

Theory that opposing retinal processes are what enables color vision.

EX: Some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red, meaning that you can’t see both green and red in one stimuli.

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25
Q

Feature Detectors

A

Nerve cells located in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

26
Q

Parallel Processing

A

We process and analyze things using a combination of different aspects- motion, form, depth, color- we then construct our perceptions by piecing them together.

27
Q

Gestalt

A

An organized whole- our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

EX: three lines aren’t just three lines to us. Although that’s what three lines really is, to us, we would put the three lines together in a whole and see a triangle- not just three lines. Even if there are gaps between the lines.

28
Q

Figure-Ground

A

Organization of visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground) *

29
Q

Grouping; PCC!

A

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into groups. There are three rules to grouping:

-Proximity: We group nearby figures together. EX: We see not six separate lines, but three sets of two lines.

-Continuity: We perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. EX: A series of quickly alternating semi-circles will look like two continuous lines.

-Closure: We fill in gaps to create a complete, whole object.

30
Q

Depth Perception

A

Ability to see objects in 3D although the images that hit our retina are two-dimensional. This ability allows us to judge distance.

31
Q

Visual Cliff

A

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals. Basically, scientists wondered if babies understood depth, so they made a baby try to walk off a fake cliff that had a steep drop. The baby refused, showing that even they had depth perception.

32
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of TWO eyes.
*
EX: With both eyes open, hold two pencils in front of you and touch their tips together. You will see them touch. Attempting this with one eye will give you difficulty.

33
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.

34
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights are blinked on and off quickly.

EX: A superfast slideshow of 24 still pictures will create a second or two of movement.

35
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

Knowing that things are unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, size, shape) even though it may not appear that way to the eyes.

EX: A car that is moving away from you is going to seem to shrink, but because of our perceptual constancy, we know that that car isn’t shrinking- just getting further away.

36
Q

Color Constancy

A

Knowing that the color of something is unchanged, even if it seems to have changed.

EX: A red iPhone may seem like a darker red iPhone in certain darker lighting, but we know that that is not the case.

37
Q

Perceptual Adaptation

A

The ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.

EX: Getting a new pair of glasses will make someone feel slightly disoriented at first, but after a while, we begin to adjust- our perceptual adaptation would make vision seem normal again.

38
Q

Audition

A

Hearing

39
Q

Frequency

A

Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time.

Short wavelengths = high frequency AKA high pitched sounds.

Long wavelengths = low frequency AKA low pitched sounds

40
Q

Pitch

A

A tone’s highness or lowness, which depends on frequency.

41
Q

Middle Ear

A

Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three bones: Hammer, anvil, stirrup. These three bones concentrate vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window.

42
Q

Cochlea

A

Coiled, bony tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlea trigger nerve impulses.

43
Q

Inner Ear

A

Innermost part of the ear containing cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibular sacs.

44
Q

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

A

Sound can get to where it needs to, but it cannot deliver the full message. The cochlea is having trouble with the transduction process and therefore can’t communicate with the brain what it’s hearing. Usually, the cells in the cochlea have been damaged, and this is a neural processing issue, and not a mechanical issue such as the conduction hearing loss issue.

45
Q

Conduction Hearing Loss

A

The loss of the mechanical ability to interpret sound. Not able to relay information to cochlea / nerve to process the info it receives.

46
Q

Cochlear Implant

A

Device that replaces a deaf person’s cochlea- converts sounds into electrical signals

47
Q

Place Theory

A

A theory that explains how we hear different pitches: theory explains that we link the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated. Best explains high pitches. *

48
Q

Frequency Theory

A

A theory that explains how we hear different pitches: theory explains that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to sense its pitch. Best explains low pitches. *

49
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain receptors

50
Q

Gate-Control Theory

A

Theory that our spinal cord contains a gate that can either block pain signals or pass them on to the brain, which makes us feel it. The gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers, and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

51
Q

Kinesthesia

A

Our sense of the position and movement of our body parts. *

52
Q

Vestibular Sense

A

The sense of body movement and position, including balance. *

53
Q

Sensory Interaction

A

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences the taste.

EX: If a burger smelled like shit, it would probably taste worse to you compared to a bussin smelling burger

54
Q

Embodied Cognition

A

The influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements.

EX: When holding a soft ball, American students more likely categorized a politician’s face as democrat rather than republican, and vice versa when holding a hard ball.

55
Q

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

A

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.

EX: Reading minds, seeing through walls, telling the future

56
Q

Parapsychology

A

Study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis (ability to move objects using your brain only)

57
Q

What are the three steps basic to all our sensory systems?

A

TRANSDUCTION:
1. RECEIVE sensory information
2. TRANSFORM sensory information into neural impulses
3. DELIVER the neural impulses, containing information, to the brain

58
Q

How do rods and cones process information, and what is the path information travels from the eye to the brain?

A

Light entering the eye triggers chemical reactions in the LIGHT-sensitive rods and COLOR-sensitive cones at the back of the retina, which converts energy into neural impulses. After being processed by bipolar and ganglion cells, neural impulses travel from the retina through the optic nerve to the thalamus in the brain.

59
Q

How do we perceive color in the world around us?

A

There are two explanations.

  1. Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (Three Color) Theory
  2. Opponent-Process Theory
60
Q

Where are feature detectors located, and what do they do?

A

Located in the visual cortex, they respond to specific features of stimuli, such as shape, angle, movement.

61
Q

Types of Monocular Cues

A

-Interposition
-Linear Perspective
-Relative Size
-Relative Motion
-Relative Height
-Light and Shadow

psych ch 6 sensation and perception (1 decks)

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