HGST MAY 2014 Flashcards
The engagement process is a systematic fires cycle and a continual process on any mission and has five tenets;
Detect, Identify, Decide, Engage and Assess (DIDEA). (TC 3-04.45 PG 11-1)
A target is _______ when it is temporarily taken out of the battle. Neutralizing a unit allows the maneuver commander to decide whether to continue to engage with indirect fires, maneuver to the target and engage with direct fires or bypass a target and proceed with other missions.
neutralized (TC 3-04.45 PG 15-3)
_______ is a decisive engagement that puts a target out of action permanently. A unit with _______ or more casualties is usually rendered permanently ineffective, depending on the type and discipline of the force. Direct hits are required on hard materiel targets.
Destruction, 30 percent (TC 3-04.45 PG H-23)
The method of attacking a target is governed by the results desired: _________, __________, or __________.
Suppression, neutralization, or destruction (TC 3-04.45 PG H-23)
The four types of ballistics influencing projectiles fired from helicopters are ______, ______, ______, and ______.
interior, exterior, aerial, and terminal. (TC 3-04.45 PG A-6)
Interior ballistics includes: ______, _______, _______, _______, _______.
Barrel Wear, Launcher Tube Alignment, Thrust Misalignment, Propellant Charge, and Projectile Weight (BLTPP). (TC 3-04.45 PG A-7)
Gravity, Yaw, and Wind Drift are what type of ballistics?
Exterior (TC 3-04.45 PG A-8)
What two factors determine the amount of wind drift of a projectile.
Time of flight, Wind speed acting on the cross-sectional area of the projectile (TC 3-04.45 PG A-9)
Yaw is the angle between the centerline of the projectile and its trajectory which results in the projectile’s trajectory changing which increases _____. Where would a projectile have its maximum Yaw?
Drag, Near the muzzle. (TC 3-04.45 PG A-8)
The exterior ballistic which causes a clockwise spinning projectile to move to the right is called?
Projectile Drift (TC 3-04.45 PG A-8)
_________ and _________ combine to constitute the port-starboard effect.
Trajectory shift, projectile drift. (TC 3-04.45 PG A-13).
Aerial-fired weapons characteristics derived from fin or spin-stabilized munitions and whether they are fired from a fixed or flexible mode. Common errors for these munitions are___________
rotor down-wash error, angular rate error, and turning bank error. (TC 3-04.45 PG A-9)
In general, at ranges less than _______, the effect of trajectory shift is greater. At ranges greater than _______, the effect of projectile drift is greater and tends to cancel the effect of trajectory shift.
1000 meters, 1000 meters. (TC 3-04.45 PG A-14)
AH-64D pilots should recognize that compensation for trajectory shift is accomplished automatically by the weapons processor if: a__________ b________
a. TADS is the selected LOS (Seven-state Kalman filter)b. FCR is the selected LOS (Scan-to-scan correlation) (TC 3-04.45 PG A-21)***NO lead-angle compensation is computed or added when IHADSS is the selected sight.
_____________: Firing to the right produces a downward jump; firing to the left produces an upward jump. ______________ is required in hover if a relative wind exists. Pilots must recognize compensation for aeroballistics drop is accomplished automatically by deriving the munitions angle of attack with respect to wind vector and applying the appropriate jump correction to the aiming algorithm.
Projectile Jump, Projectile jump correction (TC 3-04.45 PG A-25)
___________ is caused by the motion (pitch, roll, and/or yaw) in the launch platform as a projectile leaves the weapon.
Angular rate error (TC 3-04.45 PG A-10)
__________ is effectively negligible for 30-mm projectiles, but it can affect rocket accuracy if rates are appreciable. __________ induce angular rates in the pitch axis up to 10 degrees per second.
Angular rate error, Articulating pylons (TC 3-04.45 PG A-24)
What are three factors that effect dispersion?
Vibrations, Sights, Boresights (TC 3-04.45 PG A-15)
Angle of Impact is a characteristic of what type of ballistic?
Terminal Ballistic (TC 3-04.45 PG A-15)
Because the rocket is accelerating as it leaves the launcher, the force acting upon the fins causes the nose of the rocket to turn into the wind. This is known as the __________.
relative wind effect. (TC 3-04.45 PG A-12)
What is the cause of the greatest error for free flight rockets (besides poor pilot technique) and what is done to minimize that error?
Thrust Misalignment, Rocket spin (TC 3-04.45 PG A-7)
Maximum effective range is defined as:
the longest range at which a weapon has a 50% probability of hitting a target. (TC 3-04.45 PG A-4)
The MPSM submunition (M73) will land __ degrees off center ___ percent of the time, resulting in a 90% probability of producing personnel injuries within a ___ meter radius.
5 degrees, 66 percent, 20 meter (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-30)
Hellfire II missiles Maximum velocity is approximately _______ per second.
475 meters (TC 3-04.45 PG D-8)
Running fire performed at airspeeds _______ will offer a mix aircraft survivability and weapons accuracy.
above ETL (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-134)
Turret bending is the single largest contributor to the perceived dispersion associated with the AH-64 30mm cannon. Turret bending compensation is applied by the weapons processor:_____________________ full table value is applied thereafter until gunfire is terminated.
1st round-no compensation, 2nd round-1/2 of the turret bending table value (TC 3-04.45 PG A-24)
The 30-mm audible signature travels at approximately _______ per second. Engagement at greater than ________ can be heard by the dismounted personnel before the first round impacts; therefore, getting the first burst accurately on target will be worth the extra seconds to set up the shot.
331 meters, 2000 meters (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-44)
The base line TADS can take up _________ to establish a good track history and generate a quality ballistic solution.
to three seconds (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-44)
At approximately ______ indicated forward airspeed, the influence vector is moved just aft of the rocket launcher forward bulkhead, thus reducing down wash to zero.
33 knots (TC 3-04.45 PG A-24)
The TARGET STATE ESTIMATOR is utilized to derive target states using the following inputs: -___________-___________-___________
- Processed range data from the laser range validator.- TADS pitch and yaw rates from the TADS gyros.- Aircraft body rate and velocity data from the EGI.(TC 3-04.45 PG A-26)
The Apache’s __________ will correct for steady state target movement when the TADS/MTADS or FCR sights are used. However, the TSE assumes that the gunner is smoothly tracking the target. Excessive or inconsistent target tracking by the gunner is misinterpreted by the TSE as target movement and will result in the wrong amount of lead.
target state estimator (TSE) (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-20)
The TSE is not considered settled, and target handover to the missile will not occur, unless all of the following conditions are satisfied: -________-________-________-________
- Continuous lasing has occurred for a minimum of four seconds.- Multiple LRV range updates have been received within a specified timeframe.- The derived target velocity estimates exhibit a sample to sample standard deviation less than a specified value.- When the above conditions are satisfied, the weapons processor translates the TADS LOS and TSE target states to NED coordinates and initiates handover to the priority RF missile. (TC 3-04.45 PG A-26)
The ___________ is used to preprocess laser range data received from the TADS LRF/D. When the laser trigger is depressed to the second detent, the LRV processes the range returns and derives a range rate “profile”. When the data indicates that a valid range profile exists, the _______ is presented in the range field of the high action display. If a subsequent range return is not consistent with the established range profile, the subject range return is rejected and the _________ briefly to alert the operator that spillover or other undesirable ranging phenomena are occurring. The range profile is reset and re-established when the _________ and re-pulled or when subsequent range returns fail to match the established range profile for a specified timeframe.
laser range validator, asterisk, asterisk is flashed, laser trigger is released (TC 3-04.45 PG A-26)
Crewmembers will not use ________ affiliated graphic control measures/icons/symbols to mark enemy locations and vice-versa to avoid fratricide and other unnecessary confusion.
friendly (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-203)
To provide time and space to set up a running or diving fire attack, the AMC selects an initial point (IP). Normally, the IP is located approximately _______from the target and acts as a starting point for the attack run.
8 to 10 KM (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-134)
Transmission of the 5-Line CCA Brief (Ground-to-Air) constitutes clearance to fire except in a _______________.
danger close situation. JFIRE (NOV 2012) pg 70
The 4 “T”s associated with aircraft control (firing techniques) during rocket engagements are?
Target, Torque, Trim, Target re-verified. (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-22)(TC 3-04.42 pg4-134)
__________ is the recommended mode of operation as the gun turret is positioned and rocket pylons articulate based on the commands computed by the ballistic solution. In _________, the gun turret is positioned to 0-degrees azimuth and +6-degrees elevation. Ballistic correctors are computed and used to position the fixed-mode reticle.
Normal mode, fixed mode (TC 3-04.45 PG A-24)
The four techniques of fire are _______, _______, _______, _______.
hover fire, running fire, diving fire, and low altitude bump. (TC 3-04.42 pg 134)
__________maximizes the benefits of both running and diving fire involving a low-altitude run-in with a 300- to 1,000-foot bump about 1,500 to 2,000 meters prior to the target.
Low altitude bump (TC 3-04.42 134)
The AMC will select the appropriate team employment technique and will brief the team utilizing TPM-R: _______ (Hover, Running, Diving, Low-Altitude Bump), _______ (Racetrack, Cloverleaf, L-attack, Figure 8, Butterfly pattern, 45-degree attack, Circular/Wheel pattern), _______, _______.
Technique, Pattern, Munitions, Range (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-175)
The AMC assigns team member responsibilities within the team based on the tactical situation utilizing the following terminology:
Shooter/cover, Shooter/shooter, Looker/shooter. (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-173)
Moving fire is an engagement from a moving helicopter ____________________. Running fire is an engagement from a moving helicopter ____________________.
greater than ETL but less than 40KTAS, 40 KTAS and the aircraft velocity never exceed (Vne) (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-2)
The three techniques of applying burst on target corrections _________________________.
are Laser Range-Finder Method, Mil Relationship Method, and Recognition Method. (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-21)
You fire a burst of 30mm at a target, which misses to the left about 10 meters. You then adjust your line of sight to the right of the target and fire again, hitting the target. This is the _____________ or “Kentucky Windage” method of BOT.
recognition method (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-22)
You fire a pair of rockets at a target, which miss long. You then laze the approximate center of the rocket’s impact point and adjust your range down (manual range) to fire your next pair. This is the ________________ of BOT.
laser rangefinder-method (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-22)
When the LRF/D is not working, referencing target size vs. symbology to determine range to target is known as the _________________.
Mil Relationship Method. (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-22)
Steep dive angles (________) result in large rates of change in aircraft flight parameters and present flight safety challenges
> 25 degrees (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-24)
Steeper dive angles compress the range error for rockets significantly and result in less ___________ around the rocket aim point.
dispersion (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-24)
Pilots must plan the _________ in time to avoid abrupt recovery maneuvers._________may cause a pilot to fly the aircraft into the ground.
dive recovery, target fixation (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-24)
________ may make dive recoveries difficult. If the aircraft enters _______, the pilot must reduce the severity of the dive recovery by reducing the amount of aft cyclic and/or reducing the collective pitch on the rotor system.
Mushing, mushing (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-24)
What two factors determine the amount of wind drift of a projectile.
Time of flight, Wind speed acting on the cross-sectional area of the projectile (TC 3-04.45 PG A-9)
The two types of fires are _______ and ________.
Direct, Indirect (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-22)
Fire delivered on a target, which cannot be seen by the firing unit, is known as _________.
Indirect fire (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-22)
What are the three levels of safing?
a. Weapons trigger switch releasedb. Weapons action switch deselectedc. SAFE/ARM button – SAFE(ATM, pg. 4-133)
(AWS) The rotary wing risk estimate distance for a 0.1% Pi (Standing):
500m 75m/246’1000m 95m/312’1500m 115m/378’JFIRE (NOV 2012) pg 151
What are the visual markings of the M789 30mm HEDP round?
Black projectile with yellow band and yellow markings (TC 3-04.45 PG B-16)
What are the visual markings of the M788 30mm TP round?
Blue projectile with aluminum nosepiece and white markings (TC 3-04.45 PG B-16)
To accomplish AWS dynamic harmonization, maintain a heading to target of ________, at a range of ________.
+/-5 degrees, 500-1500 meters (TC 3-04.42 pg 160)
The nominal burst radius is _______; however, the lethal fragment impact pattern is dependent upon the surface conditions, _______, _______, ___________.
4 meters, impact angle, velocity, and the target type. (TC 3-04.45 PG B-19)
What is the time of flight for a 2Km 30mm shot?
5.8 sec (TC 3-04.45 PG B-17)
When viewed from above the fragment pattern of each individual round is a flattened “X” shape with the majority of the fragments moving to the side and slightly forward, with the highest concentration spiking at the ______________.
2:00 and 10:00 o’clock positions (TC 3-04.45 PG B-20)
To ensure effective fragment performance when engaging troops in the open, the crew selects a DMPI selection should be ___________ of the target to achieve the desired effects.
offset and/ or short (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-44)
When actioning the gun or rockets from the cyclic in either crew station the range will change to the last valid ___________ when HMD is the selected sight.
manual range (AWS Student Handout pg D-62)
When FXD is selected by the pilot, the ____ will only be displayed in the ____ format symbology. When FXD is selected by the ____, both crewmembers will have the CCIP displayed in their respective formats.
CCIP, PLT, CPG (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-161)
Fixed gun may be utilized during degraded system operations (IHADSS Invalid LOS). When selecting FXD gun, the gun will be commanded to _________ in elevation and forward in azimuth to the helicopter armament datum line (ADL).
+.87 degrees (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-161)
The gun duty cycle is as follows: _______________ between bursts followed by a ________ cooling period. For burst limiter settings of other than 50 – no more than ________ within ________ before allowing gun to cool for ________, after which the cycle can be repeated.
6, 50 round bursts w/ 5 seconds, 10 minute, 300 rounds, 60 seconds, 10 minutes (-10-2, pg. 4-107)
The WARNING regarding 30mm stoppage states: If ___________have been fired in the preceding ________ , and a stoppage occurs, personnel must remain clear of the aircraft for _________. Aircraft crewmembers should remain in the aircraft and continue positive gun control.
300 or more rounds , 10 minutes, 30 minutes (-10-2, pg. 4-108)
The maximum effective range of the 30mm is _____ to _________.
1500 to 1700 meters (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-160)
When firing the AWS in NORM, LOS INVALID is a safety inhibit. When firing the ___________, ___________, and the operator can override the inhibited via the weapon trigger second detent.
AWS in FIXED mode, LOS INVALID becomes a performance inhibit (AWS Student Handout pg D-50)
The gun turret is capable of azimuth movement of _______ left or right of the helicopter centerline, _______ elevation, ( _______ elevation within ______ of aircraft centerline), and _______ depression.
86 degrees, +11 degrees, +9 degrees, 10 degrees, -60 degrees (-10-2, pg. 4-105)
T / F (circle) Under NVS, the AWS will continue to follow IHADSS LOS when operating in NVS FIXED mode.
True (-10-2, pg. 4-105)
The 30mm is limited to _________ in azimuth when the rockets are actioned simultaneously.
+/-60 degrees (AWS SHO PG D-24)
The 30mm is limited to _________ in azimuth on the side of the next missile to be fired if it is on the inboard pylon.
52 degrees (AWS SHO PG D24)
If the gun system is actioned and the WP has detected a NO GO status, a “______” weapon status field message will be displayed and the _____________ anytime the trigger is pulled.
“GUN FAIL” , LOS reticle will flash (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-160)
There is no indication in the cockpit when the SQUAT ORIDE switch is in the AIR position. What is the hazard associated with the SQUAT ORIDE switch being in the AIR position with the aircraft on the ground?
The possibility exists that the AWS could inadvertently be driven into the ground. (-10-2, pg. 4-105)
In the event of a GUN EL MISTRACK fault, the gun will be _____________________. Gun azimuth may not provide proper wire strike protection due to wire cutter angle.
Stowed in elevation (-10-2, pg 4-106)
What is the approximate muzzle velocity of the 30mm round?
2640 fps (TC 3-04.45 PG A-8)
What is the “WARNING” associated with the 30mm?
Failure to adhere to the published gun duty cycle may result in catastrophic failure, loss of aircraft, injury or death (-10-2, pg. 4 - 107)
The WP will provide fire control solution for the 30mm up to a range of _______.
4200 meters. (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-160) -10-2, pg. 4-89)
The maximum capacity of the ammunition handling system is _________.
1200 rounds (-10-2 pg. 4-105)
The 100-gallon auxiliary fuel cell includes a 242 round ammunition storage magazine, making a maximum capacity of about ______.
300 rounds. (-10-2 pg 4-105)
In the event of a power loss the gun is spring driven to _______ in elevation to prevent ______ during landing
+11 degrees, dig in (-10-2 pg. 4-105)
In the event of IHADSS failure with gun selected and the HMD as the selected sight, the gun will remain at its last commanded position. Gun firing is _______. When the gun is de-actioned, it will ___________.
inhibited, return to the stowed position. (–10-2, pg. 4-19)
The rate of fire for the 30 mm is ________.
625 +25. (-10-2 pg. 4-105)
________ is the single largest contributor to perceived dispersion associated with the AH-64 30 mm cannon.
Turret bending (TC 3-04.45 PG A-24)
When conducting AWS Harmonization, the CPG positions the dashed reticle (GUN DH reticle) over the Mean Point of Impact (MPI) of the rounds then presses the ___________.
Store/Update Switch (ORT LHG). (-10-2, pg. 4-109)
The Sideloader/ Magazine Controller (S/MC) performs three distinct ammunition handling system functions?
Counting of 30mm rounds, control of the carrier drive assembly, control of the loader assembly for uploading and downloading. (-10 pg 4-105)
The 30mm can accommodate 3 different types of rounds?
HEDP M789, HEI M799 and TP M788 (-10 pg 4-105)
How many rounds will be displayed on the 30mm while in the training mode?
888 (-10 pg.4-128)
(ARS 2.75” HE Rockets Mk 146/151/229) The rotary wing risk estimate distance for a 0.1% Pi (Standing):
300m 140m/460’800m 210m/689’1500m 305m/1001’
(ARS 2.75” Mk 149/255 Flechette) The rotary wing risk estimate distance for a 0.1% Pi (Standing):
1000m 170m/558’
With Hellfire Rails on pylons 2 and 3, and rocket launchers on pylons 1 and 4, what rocket zones and quantities of each are available?
A- 24, B-8, E-6 (-10, pg 4-110)
M439/M261 (MPSM)/M66 engagements at ranges less than _______ and/or speeds greater than________ are not authorized.
1000 meters, 90 knots (-10-2, pg. 4-111)
__________ that is displayed when vertical acceleration is less than 0.5 G and maycause the main rotor blade to obstruct the trajectory of the rocket.
ACCEL Limit is a safety inhibit (ARS Student Handout pg D-44)
The ____________ to action a weapon (WAS) has control of that weapon. Exception: If the CPGhas rockets actioned via the ______ and the pilot actions rockets, _______________ is in effect.
last crewmember, LHG WAS, cooperative moding (-10-2, pg. 4-6)
The M261 MPSM has 9 submunitions and provides range settings from _____ meters to about ______meters.
500 meters, 7000 meters (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-34)
Each M73 submunition has a shaped charge that can penetrate more than _____ of armor.
4 inches (TC 3-04.45 PG C-16)
There are ____ submunitions in each M261 MPSM warhead.
Nine (TC 3-04.45 PG C-18)
An MPSM submunition that lands ____ off center has a ____ probability of producingcasualties within a ____ radius and a submunition landing ____ off center has a ____probability producing casualties within a ____ radius.
5 degrees, 90 percent, 20 meter, 30 degrees, 90 percent, 5 meter (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-30)
The MPSM submunition (M73) will land ____ off center ____ of the time and ____off center ____ of the time.
5 degrees, 66 percent, 30 degrees, 33 percent (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-30)
Due to the possibility of surging the engines, do not fire rockets from inboard stations. Fire no more than ____ with two ____ launchers every ____ seconds or fire with only ___ outboard launcher installed without restrictions.
pairs, outboard, three seconds, one (-10-2, pg. 4-111)
The target area coverage achieved by one M261 MPSM warhead ________ as range increases.
decreases (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-30)
In each M267 MPSM training warhead there are ___ inert submunitions and ___ smoke producing submunitions.
six, three (TC 3-04.45 PG C-18)
What is a RAD and what does it do as it relates to the MPSM rocket?
Ram Air Decelerator. Stops the forward velocity, stabilizes the descent and arms the submunition. (TC 3-04.45 PG 14-30)
Do not fire rockets with the M433 RC fuse in situations where they might fly closer than ___ from other airborne helicopters.
51 meters (-10-2, pg.4-111)
The Aerial Rocket Subsystem can be employed independently by either crewmember or in the cooperative mode when the active sight is ________.
HMD, TADS, or FCR. (-10-2, pg.4-95)
When rockets are in the cooperative mode the WP will use the ________ and will disregard the _______.
CPG Sel LOS and range data in the fire control solution, PLT LOS and range data. (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-155)
Is the pilot permitted to make changes to the RKT page when in the cooperative mode.
Yes, during the rocket coop mode, both the CPG and PLT share a common WPN’s RKT page. Both may view, access, edit or fire RKT’s) (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-155)
What does the inclusion of a HERO filter provide for a rocket?
Hazard of Electronic Radiation to Ordnance, prevents the rocket from inadvertent ignition due to electromagnetic radiation (radio waves). (TC 3-04.45 PG C-18)
The “10 pounder” M151 HEDP natural fragmentation of the brittle cast-iron warhead case results in a significant number of small “nuisance” or non-lethal fragments, with the primary fragment beam spray covering 60 to 120 degrees (_____________) perpendicular to the warhead. Approximately 55 percent, of the cast-iron case breaks up into small fragments of less than one grain, with approximately five grains considered the minimum lethal size.
classic “bowtie” pattern (TC 3-04.45 PG C-3)
The “10 pounder “rocket flies a relatively flat trajectory; firing rockets at _________ will improve anti-personnel lethality by increasing the effective beam spray.
High dive angles (TC 3-04.45 PG C-3)
The flechette rocket detonates about ____ before the predetermined range.
150 meters (ARS SHO PG D-26)
Hover fire rocket engagements with 6PD (10 pounders) can be achieved at a range of approximately _________ without changing aircraft pitch angle.
4500 meters (TC 3-04.42 pg 4-153)
The Mk66 motor fuse/warhead combination currently supported by our software includes __,__,__,__,__,and__.
6PD, 6RC,6IL, 6SK, 6MP and 6FL. (-10-2, pg. 4-111)
Firing MK66 in a hover or low speed at a height of less than ___, and for all other flight conditions of ___, is not authorized.
7 feet AGL, 5 feet AGL (-10-2 pg 4-111)
The minimum range to target when firing Flechette rocket is ____. The effective range withMK66 rocket motors is ____. Effectiveness is reduced with ranges greater than 3Km.
800 meters, 1 to 3km (-10-2 pg 4-111)