HES Study Guide! Flashcards
Know the difference between a “Standard drink” and actual serving size.
Standard drink: contains 0.6oz of alcohol.
Know the caloric content of alcohol.
7 calories per gram, alcohol in one drink supplies 100-120 calories.
Know where and how much alcohol is absorbed when ingested.
20% is absorbed to stomach, 75% is absorbed in upper small intestine.
Know factors that affect the absorption rate of alcohol. (3)
Carbonation/artificial sweeteners increase rate.
Food in the stomach slows absorption.
Drinks of high alcohol concentration slow absorption.
Main site of metabolism for alcohol?
LIVER
Know how alcohol affects the brain.
- Changes the ability of brain cells to receive messages and disrupts networks within the brain.
- With heavy use, loss of brain function, and changes in brain structure.
What is BAC and how does it vary among individuals?
- Blood Alcohol Concentration = ratio of alcohol in a person’s blood by weight.
- Metabolism varies among individuals: genetic factors and drinking behaviors.
Know the immediate and long-term effects of alcohol.
- Immediate effects: BAC primary factor, lightheadedness, relaxation, release of inhibitions. Lack of motor coordination, verbal performance, coma.
- Contributes to over 40% of all murders, assaults, and rapes.
What is the legal limit for BAC in all states?
Legal limit of BAC 0.08%
What can occur if individuals are heavy drinkers early on in pregnancy?
- It can cause miscarriage. Crosses the placenta and harms the fetus.
Know the difference between alcohol misuse and alcoholism.
- Misuse: is recurrent alcohol use that has negative consequences.
- Alcoholism: more extensive problems, involving tolerance and withdrawal.
- Excessive.
Know treatment methods and how to help someone with an alcohol problem.
- Most alcoholics require a treatment program to stop drinking. No one program works for everyone.
What is Tobacco?
The leaves of cultivated tobacco plants are prepared for smoking, chewing, or use as snuff.
What are the primary reasons individuals use Tobacco?
Nicotine addiction! It’s a psychoactive drug.
Why do young people start smoking?
Because their peers are already doing it.
Know the health hazards regarding Tobacco smoke. (2)
- Carcinogens and poisons: 69 chemicals in a burned cigarette are linked to cancer, directly cause cancer
- Cocarcinogens: chemicals that combine with other chemicals to cause cancer.
With regards to disease, what are the long-term effects of smoking?
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD): arteries hardening.
Atherosclerosis: deposit of fatty substances called plaques in arterial walls.
Angina Pectoris: Chest pain due to coronary heart disease.
What can be done to combat smoking?
- Action at many levels: state anti tobacco and anti-vaping laws
- FDA regulation of tobacco
Know how a Tobacco user can quit.
Benefits are immediate, smoking cessation products.
What is addiction and addictive behaviors?
- They alter person’s experiences of consciousness.
- Behaviors: ae habits that are out of control with resulting negative effects on health.
What is substance misuse?
Is a use of substance that is not consistent with medical or legal guidelines.
Know APA’s DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders.
- 2-3 – mild disorder
- 4-5 – moderate disorder
- 6-or more – severe disorder
How does addiction develop?
Many factors like: personality, lifestyle, heredity, the social or physical environment, and nature of the substance.
Besides drug use, what are some other examples of addictive behaviors?
- Gambling
- Gaming
- Exercise
- Sex
- Work
- Shopping
- internet
Know the allure of drugs.
- Young people are drawn to the exciting and illegal allure.
- Most people who experiment with drugs do not continue.
Know how drugs affect the body.
Brain chemistry, pharmacological properties, dose-response function, time action function.
Know how to treat drug addiction.
Medication, treatment centers, counseling,
What is cancer?
Is an abnormal and uncontrollable multiplication of cells or tissue that can lead to death if untreated.
Know the different types of tumors.
Tumor: a mass of tissue that serves no purpose
Benign: a mass of cells enclosed in a membrane that prevents their penetration into other tissues.
Malignant: can invade surrounding tissues.
What is metastasis?
Is a spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.
What is cancer remission?
Signs and symptoms of cancer disappear, the disease is under control, and can last years.
Who are more likely to die from cancer?
Men are more likely to die. 1 in 2 men, and 1 in 3 women.
Know the role of DNA with regards to cancer.
Certain genes may predispose some people to cancer.
Know the risk factors and five-year survival rate associated with the different types of cancer covered in lecture.
Lung cancer: 16%
Colon + rectal cancer: 90% with detection (overall 65%)
Breast cancer: 89% all stages
Prostate cancer: 100%
Uterine or endometrial,: 95%
Ovarian cancer: 46%
Testicular: 95%
What is environmental health and some examples that may impact it?
Collective interactions of humans with their environments and the health consequences of these interactions.
- Environmental pollutants, tech advances, population growth.
What is renewable energy?
Are naturally replenished and essentially inexhaustible.
Air Quality Index
Air Quality Index: indicates whether air pollution poses a health concern.
What is the Greenhouse effect?
Reradiation causing a buildup of heat that raises the temp of the lower atmosphere.
How does the ozone layer protect humanity?
Shields us from dangerous UV rays.
Know how to prevent air pollution.
Cut back on driving and keep your car tuned up, use energy-efficient appliances, think green!
Know how to protect the water supply.
Take showers, not baths, install faucet aerators and water-efficient showerheads, install water-saving toilets, fix leaky faucets.
Know how much and what kind of solid wastes are in our garbage.
Paper products: 27%
Food waste: 14%
Yard trimmings: 13.5
Plastics: 12.8
What is the use of pesticides?
Used to prevent insect-borne disease and maximize food production.
When should an individual seek out a physician? (4)
When symptoms are severe, unusual, persistent, or recurrent
What are some non-drug options for self-treatment?
Rest, increased, exercise; changes in diet, stress management.
Know the guidelines to medicate safely.
- Do not exceed the recommended dosage or treatment length.
- Read labels.
- Use caution of taking medications.
- Check the expiration date
- try to buy generic drugs.
What is complementary and alternative medicine?
CAM: on the integration of mind, body, and spirit in seeking ways to restore harmony and health. (Holistic health care)
What are some natural products used for medication?
- Biologically based therapies: herbal, botanicals, animal tissue extracts.
- Dietary Supplements.
What are some manual healing techniques?
Chiropractic: manipulation of joints, exercise, lifestyle modification, nutrition, and orthotics. Exercise: exercise is medicine.
What are the premises an assumptions of standard Western medicine?
Based on the scientific method. The disease is caused by identifiable physical factors. Every disease is defined by signs and symptoms.
What is the placebo effect?
The patient improved after receiving a placebo.
The Treatment effect: difference in outcome between placebo and the experimental treatment.
Know the typical providers of conventional medicine.
Medical doctors (MD)
Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO)
Dentist
Podiatrists
Nurse (RNs)
PA
Know the difference between MD, DO, and PhD.
MD: practices allopathic medicine.
DO: practices osteopathic medicine.
PhD: likely does not practice medicine
