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Herpetology Exam 2 > Herp exam 2 > Flashcards

Herp exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Osmoregulatory challenges

A

organism must maintain control of water an salt balance since few environments are isotonic with the fluids of an organism

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining stable internal conditions in a challenging environment

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3
Q

Osmoregulation

A

the control of water and salt balance

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4
Q

Structures involved in osmoregulation

A

skin, gills, digestive tract, cloaca, kidneys, bladder

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5
Q

isotonic

A

no net gain or loss of water

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6
Q

Marine osmoregulation

A

an organism is hyposmotic with the environment, meaning there is a higher ion concentration externally and lower concentration internally

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7
Q

Hyposmotic characteristics

A

prone to dehydration, prone to ion gain

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8
Q

How hyposmotic creatures regulate, avoid dehydrarion

A

decreasing skin permeability, decreasing urine output, expelling salt through glands

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9
Q

Freshwater osmoregulation

A

an organism is hyperosmotic relative to the environment, meaning ion concentration is higher internally than externally

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10
Q

hyperosmotic characteristics

A

prone to water gain, ion loss

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11
Q

How hyperosmotic creatures regulate

A

decrease skin permeability, increase urine output

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12
Q

Terrestrial osmoregulation

A

evaporative water loss

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13
Q

evaporative water loss

A

water loss by evaporation, increased ion concentration

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14
Q

amphibians and reptiles consist of

A

70-80% water

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15
Q

Amphibian osmoregulation (water gain and loss)

A

skin is highly water permeable
cutaneous respiration, skin must be moist
evaporative water loss is major concern

Gain water through: food, integument, metabolism
Lose water through: excretion, feces, urine, integument, respiration

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16
Q

Amphibian morphological osmoregulatory features

A

smooth and granular skin, granular skin enhances water absorption through increased capillary action
pelvic patch- highly vascular patch of skin that absorbs water near cloaca (toads rely)
secretions from lipid glands waterproof frogs

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17
Q

Amphibian behavioral osmoregulatory features

A 
daily and seasonal activity adjustments minimize water loss
temporal adjustments
different postures that keep/lose water
burrowing/microhabitats
impermeable cocoon to keep water in
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18
Q

Reptile osmoregulation (water gain and loss)

A

skin is largely impermeable to water
drinking is important

gain water through: drinking, food, metabolism
lose water through: excretion, feces, urine, salt glands, respiration

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19
Q

Reptile morphological osmoregulatory features

A

bodies collect + hold water (bladder, lymph sacs, stomach)
capillary action
condensation

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20
Q

Reptile behavioral osmoregulatory features

A 
seasonal/ daily activity adjustments
temporal adjustments
aestivation
nocturnal
aggregation
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21
Q

Nitrogen Excretion

A

prolonged dehydration leads to accumulation of nitrogenous waste, can be lethal

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22
Q

Nitrogenous waste

A

urea, ammonia, uric acid

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23
Q

ammonotelic

A

excrete ammonium
ammonia highly toxic
diffuses across skin/gills

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24
Q

ureotelic

A

excrete urea

less toxic

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25
Q

uricotelic

A

excrete uric acid
less toxic
requires little water to excrete

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26
Q

Thermoregulation

A

heat gain and loss, keep body temp within boundaries to increase performance in a challenging environment
requires balance of heat budget over time so that rate of heat gain + rate of heat loss

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27
Q

ectotherm

A

absorbs heat from outside environment (amphibians and reptiles)

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28
Q

endotherm

A

internally heats

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29
Q

Global temp

A

temp determine where herps distribute

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30
Q

local temp

A

temp determines spatial and temporal patterns of herp activity

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31
Q

Performance

A

biochemical and physical properties are sensitive to temp changes
so, changes in body temp affect an individuals behavior and performance

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32
Q

sun

A

ultimate source of heat for amphibians and reptiles

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33
Q

4 forces of termoregulation

A

radiation: transfer of heat between objects NOT in direct contact
Conduction: transfer of heat between objects that ARE in direct contact
Convection: transfer of heat by moving air or water over an object
Evaporation: loss of heat occurs when a liquid turns to gas

All of these vary depending on the individual and depending on the situation

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34
Q

Activity temp range

A

the normal range of temp in which activity occurs voluntarily

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35
Q

voluntary min and max

A

extremes of how much water gain/ loss an individual can take without being out of balance

36
Q

mean body temp

A

average body temp over the course of daily activity

varies with species/ family

37
Q

critical thermal min

A

the low temperature that produces cold narcosis, thus

preventing locomotion and escape

38
Q

critical thermal max

A

the high temperature at which locomotion becomes

uncoordinated, thus preventing escape

39
Q

hypothalamus

A

a region of the brain that controls temperature regulation

40
Q

behaviors that influence thermoregulation

A 
microhabitat selection
temporal adjustments
posture adjustment
burrowing
aggregation
41
Q

morphgologies that influence thermoregulation

A

integument: skin color mods
albedo: proportion of light that is reflected
dark colors: absorb light
light colors: reflect light

42
Q

Physiological shit that influences thermoreg

A 
evaporative cooling: 
water loss from skin
panting
respiratory water loss
salivation
urination

Heat production:
shivering, increased metabolism

43
Q

Dormancy

A

inactivity when conditions are severe, driven by climate changes

44
Q

Hibernation

A

avoidance of freezing conditions

45
Q

aestivation

A

avoidance of extreme heat/ dryness

46
Q

Hibernacula

A

refuge for hibernating individuals
temp higher inside than outside
ex: fish hibernate on the bottom of waterbody, 4 degrees: increases risk of predation
extrapulmonary respiration
ex: terrestrial organisms hibernate below frost line

47
Q

freezing tolerance

A

antifreeze in blood keeps organs from freezing

frogs, turtles, squamates

48
Q

Aestivation

A

amphibians in arid climates
vulnerable to evaporation
burrowing
water-impermeable cocoon

49
Q

local distributions

A

clumped pops because of environmental heterogeneity (variable environments)

Physiological requirements of individuals and physical characteristics of their habitat
shape the distribution of individuals across the landscape

50
Q

biotic factors that affect local distributions

A

predator density
prey density
mate choice
competitiors

51
Q

abiotic factors that affect local distributions

A

resource availability
refuge/nesting
environment quality
microclimatic conditions

52
Q

home range

A

the broader area within which
an individual in a population moves
foraging/social behaviors

determined by: food, shelter, mates, thermoregulation sites, escape routes

size changes within and between species, and with sex, body size, density of conspecifics, seasons, microhabitats

measured w polygons for area, density, and overlap

53
Q

territory

A

the portion of a home range
that is actively defended against conspecifics

benefits to territoriality: 
access to resources
access to shelter
 access to mates
favorable environment
Costs to territoriality:
expenditure of energy
expenditure of time
risk of injury
risk of predation
54
Q

fitness is measured by

A

reproductive sucess

55
Q

movement of herps within home range

A 
most move relatively little
move for survival/ reproduction
acquiring food/ mates
avoiding predators
avoiding env extremes
56
Q

movement of herps ourside homerange

A

breeding
chance of finding more food/water
overwintering

57
Q

environmental factors that influence movement

A 
daily temp
seasonal temp
humidity
habitat type/quality
catastrophic events
58
Q

population factors that influence movement

A 
density
sex ratio
size structure
age structure
disease
59
Q

individual factors that influence movement

A 
sex
body size
age
physical condition
reproductive state
60
Q

types of movement

A

migration and dispersal

61
Q

migrations

A 
for breeding, overwintering, or habitat changes
directional
take individuals out of home range
beginning and endpoints
energy allocated for this
62
Q

dispersal

A

unidirectional movement to places unknown to the individual
habitat instability
inbreeding
intraspecific competition

benefits: chance of finding better resources, increased likelihood of outbreeding, reduced local competition

costs: increased predation risk, difficulty finding food/ shelter, increased aggression from
unfamiliar conspecifics

63
Q

homing

A

the ability of displaced individuals to return to their original location (orientation required)
• Breeding sites
• Overwintering sites

64
Q

ways of orientation

A
  • Landmarks
  • x-y orientation
  • Polarized light
  • Chemical cues
  • Magnetic orientation
65
Q

communication

A

– the cooperative transfer of information from a signaler
to a receiver. This transfer is often very species-specific. involves cues

Visual, auditory, tactile, chemical

most effective during breeding season

66
Q

social interaction

A

interactions between one or more conspecifics

These interactions ultimately influence an individual’s fitness

67
Q

visual comms

A 
Often involves body movement 
• Limb movements
• Head bobs
• Rapid shuttling movements
• Open-mouth threats
flashing bodyparts
sexually dimorphic species
lizards
68
Q

acoustic comms

A

rubbing boduparts
slapping body on surface
vocalization
anurans

69
Q

chemical comms

A 
odors from glandular secretions
volatile odors (nasal)
surface adherent odors (vomeronasal)
salamanders, skinks, snakes
70
Q

tactile comms

A

Involves one individual rubbing, pressing, or hitting a body part
against another individual

Tactile communication often occurs after visual, acoustic, or
chemical contact has been established

turtles, snakes

71
Q

Caecillians communication

A
  • Communication is chemical
  • specialized chemosensory organ (the tentacle)
  • Tentacle connects with Jacobson’s organ (a vomeronasal receptor)
  • suits their fossorial lifestyle
  • Tactile occurs during courtship
72
Q

Salamander comms

A

Chemical signals are the primary
• Many have elaborate courtship behaviors
• Courtship glands produce pheromones (mental gland, genial gland, caudal gland)
• Pheromones identify sex and reproductive status of conspecifics
• Pheromones also stimulate courtship behavior in receptive females
• During courtship, visual and tactile cues are also important

73
Q

frog comms

A

acoustic
vocal sacs, size and shape vary
increase frog call rate
only male frog have vocal sac

Courtship call: used to attract a gravid, conspecific female

Territorial call: used to defend a territory in response to the
vocalization of another nearby male

Encounter call: used to defend a territory in response to the
approach of another male

acoustic space competition: call synchronization and alternation
vocal plasticity

74
Q

frog comms cont

A

communicate through a combination of visual and vocal cues
hand waving, foot raising and lowering, and leg stretching
can be raised and lowered (push ups) or inflated
color change
species that rely on visual signals are diurnal or live near noisy streams
Tactile and chemical signaling not widely used

75
Q

turtle comms

A

Turtles use combinations of visual, tactile, and chemical signals to communicate
head bobs or displays of colorful patches on forelimbs or neck
head butting and bumping or scratching shells during courtship
Rathke’s glands on the bridge of the shell produce aromatic chemicals (vomeronasal receptor)
Other turtles have mental glands or rely on cloacal secretions (pheromones)

76
Q

croc comms

A

Crocodylians use combinations of visual and auditory signals to communicate
bellowing and slapping sounds

77
Q

tuatara comms

A

Visual cues are the primary means of communication among tuataras
Females signal with head nods when approached by a male
the male continues to approach with a slow, ostentatious walk
have a vomeronasal organ

78
Q

lizard comms

A

Lizards use combinations of visual, auditory, chemical, and tactile
variation among clades
• Gekkota → nocturnal: auditory and visual signals; diurnal: visual signals
• Iguania → visual signals
• Anguimorpha → chemical signals
• Scincimorpha → chemical signals

79
Q

lizard comms cont

A

visual: Coloration of dewlaps, heads, and patches, Variation in size, color, and pattern is species-specific, Body movement.

80
Q

snakes comms

A

chemical signals (vomeronasal receptors)
• Pheromones are produced in glands on the dorsal surface
• Tactile cues are important during courtship –
three distinct phases:
• Tactile chase
• Tactile alignment
• Intromission and coitus

81
Q

OSR

A

operational sex ratio: ratio of males to fertilizable females
if one sex is limited, the other competes
determines intensity of sexual selection
sexual dimorphism

82
Q

monogamy

A

having only one mate at a time

83
Q

poilygamy

A

having many mates at a time

84
Q

polygyny

A

make has many female mates

85
Q

polyandry

A

female has many male mates

86
Q

mating success and fecundity affect

A

a pops mating system
ex: monogamy expected when male nor female gains anything from having multiple partners

amphibians: most polygamous
reptiles: most polygynous

Herpetology Exam 2 (1 decks)

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