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Drug Class > Heroin + Opioids > Flashcards

Heroin + Opioids Flashcards

1
Q

Heroin:

A
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2
Q

Hypodermic Needle-Syringes

A

Invented in 1853 by Pravaz and Wood for intravenous morphine injection.

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3
Q

Heroin Synthesis

A

Heroin (diacetylmorphine) synthesized by Felix Hoffman at Bayer in 1897.

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4
Q

Heroin Marketing

A

Bayer heavily marketed heroin for respiratory ailments post-synthesis.

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5
Q

Heroin Addiction Comparison

A

British Pharmaceutical Codex notes heroin as addictive as morphine in 1911.

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6
Q

Heroin Act of 1924

A

Made heroin manufacture and possession illegal in the U.S.

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7
Q

Opiate Definition

A

Heroin is an opiate chemically similar to morphine and other narcotics.

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8
Q

Heroin Source

A

Processed from morphine extracted from specific poppy plant varieties.

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9
Q

Heroin Appearance

A

Typically sold as white or brownish powder, often cut with other substances.

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10
Q

Fentanyl Strength

A

Fentanyl is 80-100 times stronger than morphine and 50 times stronger than heroin.

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11
Q

Heroin Administration Shift

A

Observed shift from injection to sniffing and smoking due to increased purity.

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12
Q

Opiate Receptors Stimulation

A

Heroin directly stimulates opiate receptors in the brain.

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13
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing

A

Heroin crosses the blood-brain barrier and converts to morphine in the brain.

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14
Q

Heroin Short-Term Effects

A

Abusers experience a rush, skin flushing, drowsiness, and slowed functions.

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15
Q

Heroin Tolerance

A

Users develop rapid tolerance to heroin’s effects, leading to withdrawal symptoms.

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16
Q

Heroin Withdrawal Symptoms

A

Include restlessness, pain, insomnia, vomiting, and flu-like symptoms.

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17
Q

Chronic Heroin Abuse Consequences

A

Include vein damage, infections, organ diseases, and respiratory complications.

18
Q

Injection Equipment Sharing Risks

A

Can lead to hepatitis B and C, HIV, and other blood-borne viruses.

19
Q

Opiate Substitution Therapy

A

Switching to milder withdrawal-inducing drugs like methadone or buprenorphine.

20
Q

Pharmacotherapy for Heroin Use Disorder

A

Using methadone or buprenorphine to taper off heroin addiction.

21
Q

Maintenance Therapies

A

Designed to reduce withdrawal symptoms, cravings, and overdose risks.

22
Q

Blockade Effect of Medications

A

Prevents users from getting high from heroin, aiding in abstinence.

23
Q

Opioid Replacement Therapies Efficacy

A

Maintenance therapies aim to reduce withdrawal symptoms and overdose risk.

24
Q

Opioids:

A
25
Q

Opioids

A

Class of drugs for pain relief, includes natural & synthetic variants

26
Q

Analgesia

A

Pain relief without loss of consciousness

27
Q

Descending inhibitory systems

A

Neural pathways that reduce pain signals

28
Q

C-fibers

A

Nerve fibers transmitting slow, chronic pain signals

29
Q

Polymorphisms in MOR gene

A

Genetic variations in the opioid receptor gene

30
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

31
Q

Reward pathway

A

Brain circuit activated by pleasurable stimuli

32
Q

Oxycodone CR

A

Controlled-release oxycodone for chronic pain

33
Q

Misuse rates

A

Percentage of opioid use contrary to prescription

34
Q

Addiction rates

A

Percentage of users with harmful, compulsive drug use

35
Q

Universal Precautions

A

Standard care practices to prevent opioid misuse

36
Q

Opioid antagonist

A

Drug that blocks opioid receptors, used to reverse overdose

37
Q

Opioid tapering

A

Gradual reduction of opioid dosage to prevent withdrawal

38
Q

Tapering rate

A

Recommended percentage decrease in opioid dose per month

39
Q

Opioid discontinuation risks

A

Increased risk of overdose or suicide after stopping opioids

40
Q

Patient-Centered Opioid Tapering

A

Individualized, voluntary approach to reducing opioid dosage

Drug Class (6 decks)

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