Heritage of Pharmacy Flashcards
Refers to a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs
Apothecary
connotes a charm or a drug that can be used for
good or for evil
Pharmakon
successful treatment due to
psychologic rather than therapeutic effects
Placebo effects
successful treatment due to
psychologic rather than therapeutic effects
Placebo effects
What do you call that document that was preserved in University of Leipzig?
Ebers Papyrus
What do you call that document that was preserved in University of Leipzig?
Ebers Papyrus
This is a gum exudate that is used as an emulsifying agent in the pharmaceutical industry
acacia (gum arabic)
This is a gum exudate that is used as an emulsifying agent in the pharmaceutical industry
acacia (gum arabic)
German Egyptologist who discovered Ebers Papyrus
Georg Ebers
German Egyptologist who discovered Ebers Papyrus
Georg Ebers
• a Greek physician
• is credited with the introduction of scientific
pharmacy and medicine
• father of medicine
Hippocrates
According to ___________, the term pharmakon came to mean a purifying for good only
Hippocrates
a Greek physician and botanist, was the first to
deal with botany as an applied science of
pharmacy
Dioscorides
• considered a milestone in
the development of pharmaceutical botany and
in the study of naturally occurring medicinal
materials.
• significant work of dioscorides crate that profoundly impacted the fields of pharmacology and botany
De Materia Medica
pharmacognosy, a
term formed from two Greek words, pharmakon,
______, and gnosis, ________.
drugs
knowledge
• a Greek pharmacist– physician who attained Roman
citizenship
• aimed to create a perfect system of
physiology, pathology, and treatment
Claudius Galen
Claudius Galen originated so many preparations of vegetable
drugs by mixing or melting the individual
ingredients that the field of pharmaceutical
preparations
was once commonly referred to _________
Galenic Pharmacy
Claudius Galen originated so many preparations of vegetable
drugs by mixing or melting the individual
ingredients that the field of pharmaceutical
preparations
was once commonly referred to _________
Galenic Pharmacy
Medicinal preparation formulated by Galdn, consisting of a blend of wax, oil, and other ingredients, that was used as a base for various topical treatments
Galen’s cerate
• Swiss physician and chemist who called himself
Paracelsus.
• He influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a
profession based primarily on botanical science to
one based on chemical science.
AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS
BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM
• Swiss physician and chemist who called himself
Paracelsus.
• He influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a
profession based primarily on botanical science to
one based on chemical science.
AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS
BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM
• Discoveries:
- Lactic acid (sourmilk)
- citric acid
(orange juice)
- oxalic acid (wood sorrel through
boiling and crystallization)
- tartaric acid (from
potassium hydrogen tartrate-substance deposited
when wine is stored)
- arsenic acid (Scheele’s
Green- CuHAsO3)
• Identified glycerin
• Invented new methods of preparing calomel and
benzoic acid
• Discovered oxygen a year before Priestley
Swede Karl Wilhelm Scheele
•German pharmacist
• Isolation of morphine from opium
Friedrich Serturner
• Isolated quinine and cinchonine from cinchona
and strychnine
• Isolated brucine from nux vomica
Joseph Caventou and Joseph Pelletier
• Isolated quinine and cinchonine from cinchona
and strychnine
• Isolated brucine from nux vomica
Joseph Caventou and Joseph Pelletier
Isolated caffeine
Joseph Pelletier and Pierre Robiquet
Isolated caffeine
Joseph Pelletier and Pierre Robiquet
Separated codeine from opium
Pierre Robiquet
What is the natural source of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel?
Pacific yew tree
What is the natural source of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel?
Pacific yew tree
What is the natural source for digoxin?
Digitalis lanata
What is the natural source for Vincaleukoblastine (Antineoplastic drug)
Vinca rosea
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy was
established as the nations first school of
pharmacy
1821
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy was
established as the nations first school of
pharmacy
1821
USP (United States Pharmacopeia) was
created in establishing standards for drugs in
the US
1820
USP (United States Pharmacopeia) was
created in establishing standards for drugs in
the US
1820
The term pharmacopeia comes from the Greek pharmakon meaning _______ and poien meaning ________
drug
make
The 1st American pharmacopeia was the so-
called ____________ published in 1778
at Lititz, Pennsylvania, used by the Military
Hospital of the USA (32 page booklet
containing 84 internal and 16 external drugs
and preparations)
Lititz Pharmacopeia
What year did Massachusetts Medical Society
published a 272 page pharmacopeia
containing monographs on 536 drugs?
1808
What year did Massachusetts Medical Society
published a 272 page pharmacopeia
containing monographs on 536 drugs?
1808
______________, a physician
from NYC submitted a plan to the Medical
Society of the Country of NY (Father of
Pharmacopeia) in January 06, 1817
Lyman Spalding
______________, a physician
from NYC submitted a plan to the Medical
Society of the Country of NY (Father of
Pharmacopeia) in January 06, 1817
Lyman Spalding
Synthesis of salicylic acid from phenol
inaugurated the synthesis of a group of
analgesic compounds including acetylsalicylic
acid (Aspirin) introduced in 1899
1872
Synthesis of salicylic acid from phenol
inaugurated the synthesis of a group of
analgesic compounds including acetylsalicylic
acid (Aspirin) introduced in 1899
1872
Arsphenamine-specific agent against
syphilis (Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata)
1910
Arsphenamine-specific agent against
syphilis (Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata)
1910
American Pharmaceutical Association
was organized
1852
American Pharmaceutical Association
was organized
1852
First edition of National Formulary of
Unofficial Preparations then changed to
National Formulary on June 30, 1906 by Pres.
Theodore Roosevelt
1888
First edition of National Formulary of
Unofficial Preparations then changed to
National Formulary on June 30, 1906 by Pres.
Theodore Roosevelt
1888
• “Controlled Substances Act”
• This served to consolidate and codify control
over drugs of abuse into a single statute.
• Established 5 schedules for the classification
and control of drug substances that are
subject to abuse.
COMPREHENSIVE
DRUG ABUSE
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL ACT OF
1970
• “Controlled Substances Act”
• This served to consolidate and codify control
over drugs of abuse into a single statute.
• Established 5 schedules for the classification
and control of drug substances that are
subject to abuse.
COMPREHENSIVE
DRUG ABUSE
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL ACT OF
1970
• Drugs with no acceptable use
• High potential for abuse
Schedule I
• Drugs with no acceptable use
• High potential for abuse
Schedule I
Examples of Schedule I
• Heroin
• Lysergic acid diethylamide
• mescaline
• peyote
• methaqualone
• marijuana
Examples of Schedule I
• Heroin
• Lysergic acid diethylamide
• mescaline
• peyote
• methaqualone
• marijuana
Drugs with accepted medical uses and a high
potential for abuse that if abused may lead
to severe psychological or physical
dependence
Schedule II
Examples of Schedule II
• Morphine
• cocaine
• methamphetamine
• amobarbital
Examples of Schedule II
• Morphine
• cocaine
• methamphetamine
• amobarbital
• Drugs with accepted medical uses and a
potential for abuse less than those listed in
schedule I and II.
• If abused: Moderate Psychological/Physical
dependence
Schedule III
• Drugs with accepted medical uses and a
potential for abuse less than those listed in
schedule I and II.
• If abused: Moderate Psychological/Physical
dependence
Schedule III
• Drugs with accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence
Schedule IV
• Drugs with accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence
Schedule IV
Examples of Schedule IV
• Difenoxin
• Diazepam
• Oxazepam
Examples of Schedule IV
• Difenoxin
• Diazepam
• Oxazepam
• Accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence relative to drugs
in level IV
Schedule V
• Accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence relative to drugs
in level IV
Schedule V
What category?
Adequate and well-controlled studies have
failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in
the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is
no evidence of risk in later trimesters).
Category A
What category?
Adequate and well-controlled studies have
failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in
the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is
no evidence of risk in later trimesters).
Example drugs or substances: levothyroxine,
folic acid, liothyronine
Category A
Wjat category?
• Animal reproduction studies have failed to
demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are
no adequate and well-controlled studies in
pregnant women.
• Example drugs: metformin,
hydrochlorothiazide, cyclobenzaprine,
amoxicillin, pantoprazole, paracetamol
Category B
Wjat category?
• Animal reproduction studies have failed to
demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are
no adequate and well-controlled studies in
pregnant women.
• Example drugs: metformin,
hydrochlorothiazide, cyclobenzaprine,
amoxicillin, pantoprazole, paracetamol
Category B
• Animal reproduction studies have shown an
adverse effect on the fetus and there are no
adequate and well-controlled studies in
humans, but potential benefits may warrant
use of the drug in pregnant women despite
potential risks.
• Example drugs: tramadol, gabapentin,
amlodipine, trazodone
Category C
• There is positive evidence of human fetal risk
based on adverse reaction data from
investigational or marketing experience or
studies in humans, but potential benefits
may warrant use of the drug in pregnant
women despite potential risks.
• Example drugs: lisinopril, alprazolam,
losartan, clonazepam, lorazepam
Category D
What category?
• There is positive evidence of human fetal risk
based on adverse reaction data from
investigational or marketing experience or
studies in humans, but potential benefits
may warrant use of the drug in pregnant
women despite potential risks.
• Example drugs: lisinopril, alprazolam,
losartan, clonazepam, lorazepam
Category D
What category?
• Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated
fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive
evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse
reaction data from investigational or marketing
experience, and the risks involved in use of the
drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh
potential benefits.
• Example drugs: atorvastatin, simvastatin,
warfarin, methotrexate, finasteride
Category X
What category?
• Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated
fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive
evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse
reaction data from investigational or marketing
experience, and the risks involved in use of the
drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh
potential benefits.
• Example drugs: atorvastatin, simvastatin,
warfarin, methotrexate, finasteride
Category X
• Drugs intended for the treatment of “rare
disease and conditions”
• To help promote research on rare diseases
Orphan Drug
hard tablet that dissolves under the tongue in 30 mims
Troches
hard tablet that dissolves under the tongue in 30 mims
Troches
