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DDS LEC > Heritage of Pharmacy > Flashcards

Heritage of Pharmacy Flashcards

1
Q

Refers to a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs

A

Apothecary

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2
Q

connotes a charm or a drug that can be used for
good or for evil

A

Pharmakon

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3
Q

successful treatment due to
psychologic rather than therapeutic effects

A

Placebo effects

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4
Q

successful treatment due to
psychologic rather than therapeutic effects

A

Placebo effects

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5
Q

What do you call that document that was preserved in University of Leipzig?

A

Ebers Papyrus

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6
Q

What do you call that document that was preserved in University of Leipzig?

A

Ebers Papyrus

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7
Q

This is a gum exudate that is used as an emulsifying agent in the pharmaceutical industry

A

acacia (gum arabic)

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8
Q

This is a gum exudate that is used as an emulsifying agent in the pharmaceutical industry

A

acacia (gum arabic)

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9
Q

German Egyptologist who discovered Ebers Papyrus

A

Georg Ebers

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10
Q

German Egyptologist who discovered Ebers Papyrus

A

Georg Ebers

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11
Q

• a Greek physician
• is credited with the introduction of scientific
pharmacy and medicine
• father of medicine

A

Hippocrates

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12
Q

According to ___________, the term pharmakon came to mean a purifying for good only

A

Hippocrates

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13
Q

a Greek physician and botanist, was the first to
deal with botany as an applied science of
pharmacy

A

Dioscorides

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14
Q

• considered a milestone in
the development of pharmaceutical botany and
in the study of naturally occurring medicinal
materials.
• significant work of dioscorides crate that profoundly impacted the fields of pharmacology and botany

A

De Materia Medica

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15
Q

pharmacognosy, a
term formed from two Greek words, pharmakon,
______, and gnosis, ________.

A

drugs
knowledge

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16
Q

• a Greek pharmacist– physician who attained Roman
citizenship
• aimed to create a perfect system of
physiology, pathology, and treatment

A

Claudius Galen

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17
Q

Claudius Galen originated so many preparations of vegetable
drugs by mixing or melting the individual
ingredients that the field of pharmaceutical
preparations
was once commonly referred to _________

A

Galenic Pharmacy

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18
Q

Claudius Galen originated so many preparations of vegetable
drugs by mixing or melting the individual
ingredients that the field of pharmaceutical
preparations
was once commonly referred to _________

A

Galenic Pharmacy

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19
Q

Medicinal preparation formulated by Galdn, consisting of a blend of wax, oil, and other ingredients, that was used as a base for various topical treatments

A

Galen’s cerate

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20
Q

• Swiss physician and chemist who called himself
Paracelsus.
• He influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a
profession based primarily on botanical science to
one based on chemical science.

A

AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS
BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM

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21
Q

• Swiss physician and chemist who called himself
Paracelsus.
• He influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a
profession based primarily on botanical science to
one based on chemical science.

A

AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS
BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM

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22
Q

• Discoveries:
- Lactic acid (sourmilk)
- citric acid
(orange juice)
- oxalic acid (wood sorrel through
boiling and crystallization)
- tartaric acid (from
potassium hydrogen tartrate-substance deposited
when wine is stored)
- arsenic acid (Scheele’s
Green- CuHAsO3)
• Identified glycerin
• Invented new methods of preparing calomel and
benzoic acid
• Discovered oxygen a year before Priestley

A

Swede Karl Wilhelm Scheele

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23
Q

•German pharmacist
• Isolation of morphine from opium

A

Friedrich Serturner

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24
Q

• Isolated quinine and cinchonine from cinchona
and strychnine
• Isolated brucine from nux vomica

A

Joseph Caventou and Joseph Pelletier

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25
Q

• Isolated quinine and cinchonine from cinchona
and strychnine
• Isolated brucine from nux vomica

A

Joseph Caventou and Joseph Pelletier

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26
Q

Isolated caffeine

A

Joseph Pelletier and Pierre Robiquet

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27
Q

Isolated caffeine

A

Joseph Pelletier and Pierre Robiquet

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28
Q

Separated codeine from opium

A

Pierre Robiquet

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29
Q

What is the natural source of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel?

A

Pacific yew tree

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30
Q

What is the natural source of the anti-cancer drug paclitaxel?

A

Pacific yew tree

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31
Q

What is the natural source for digoxin?

A

Digitalis lanata

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32
Q

What is the natural source for Vincaleukoblastine (Antineoplastic drug)

A

Vinca rosea

33
Q

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy was
established as the nations first school of
pharmacy

A

1821

34
Q

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy was
established as the nations first school of
pharmacy

A

1821

35
Q

USP (United States Pharmacopeia) was
created in establishing standards for drugs in
the US

A

1820

36
Q

USP (United States Pharmacopeia) was
created in establishing standards for drugs in
the US

A

1820

37
Q

The term pharmacopeia comes from the Greek pharmakon meaning _______ and poien meaning ________

A

drug
make

38
Q

The 1st American pharmacopeia was the so-
called ____________ published in 1778
at Lititz, Pennsylvania, used by the Military
Hospital of the USA (32 page booklet
containing 84 internal and 16 external drugs
and preparations)

A

Lititz Pharmacopeia

39
Q

What year did Massachusetts Medical Society
published a 272 page pharmacopeia
containing monographs on 536 drugs?

A

1808

40
Q

What year did Massachusetts Medical Society
published a 272 page pharmacopeia
containing monographs on 536 drugs?

A

1808

41
Q

______________, a physician
from NYC submitted a plan to the Medical
Society of the Country of NY (Father of
Pharmacopeia) in January 06, 1817

A

Lyman Spalding

42
Q

______________, a physician
from NYC submitted a plan to the Medical
Society of the Country of NY (Father of
Pharmacopeia) in January 06, 1817

A

Lyman Spalding

43
Q

Synthesis of salicylic acid from phenol
inaugurated the synthesis of a group of
analgesic compounds including acetylsalicylic
acid (Aspirin) introduced in 1899

A

1872

44
Q

Synthesis of salicylic acid from phenol
inaugurated the synthesis of a group of
analgesic compounds including acetylsalicylic
acid (Aspirin) introduced in 1899

A

1872

45
Q

Arsphenamine-specific agent against
syphilis (Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata)

A

1910

46
Q

Arsphenamine-specific agent against
syphilis (Paul Ehrlich and Sahachiro Hata)

A

1910

47
Q

American Pharmaceutical Association
was organized

A

1852

48
Q

American Pharmaceutical Association
was organized

A

1852

49
Q

First edition of National Formulary of
Unofficial Preparations then changed to
National Formulary on June 30, 1906 by Pres.
Theodore Roosevelt

A

1888

50
Q

First edition of National Formulary of
Unofficial Preparations then changed to
National Formulary on June 30, 1906 by Pres.
Theodore Roosevelt

A

1888

51
Q

• “Controlled Substances Act”
• This served to consolidate and codify control
over drugs of abuse into a single statute.
• Established 5 schedules for the classification
and control of drug substances that are
subject to abuse.

A

COMPREHENSIVE
DRUG ABUSE
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL ACT OF
1970

52
Q

• “Controlled Substances Act”
• This served to consolidate and codify control
over drugs of abuse into a single statute.
• Established 5 schedules for the classification
and control of drug substances that are
subject to abuse.

A

COMPREHENSIVE
DRUG ABUSE
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL ACT OF
1970

53
Q

• Drugs with no acceptable use
• High potential for abuse

A

Schedule I

54
Q

• Drugs with no acceptable use
• High potential for abuse

A

Schedule I

55
Q

Examples of Schedule I

A

• Heroin
• Lysergic acid diethylamide
• mescaline
• peyote
• methaqualone
• marijuana

56
Q

Examples of Schedule I

A

• Heroin
• Lysergic acid diethylamide
• mescaline
• peyote
• methaqualone
• marijuana

57
Q

Drugs with accepted medical uses and a high
potential for abuse that if abused may lead
to severe psychological or physical
dependence

A

Schedule II

58
Q

Examples of Schedule II

A

• Morphine
• cocaine
• methamphetamine
• amobarbital

59
Q

Examples of Schedule II

A

• Morphine
• cocaine
• methamphetamine
• amobarbital

60
Q

• Drugs with accepted medical uses and a
potential for abuse less than those listed in
schedule I and II.
• If abused: Moderate Psychological/Physical
dependence

A

Schedule III

61
Q

• Drugs with accepted medical uses and a
potential for abuse less than those listed in
schedule I and II.
• If abused: Moderate Psychological/Physical
dependence

A

Schedule III

62
Q

• Drugs with accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence

A

Schedule IV

63
Q

• Drugs with accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence

A

Schedule IV

64
Q

Examples of Schedule IV

A

• Difenoxin
• Diazepam
• Oxazepam

65
Q

Examples of Schedule IV

A

• Difenoxin
• Diazepam
• Oxazepam

66
Q

• Accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence relative to drugs
in level IV

A

Schedule V

67
Q

• Accepted medical use
• Low potential for abuse
• If abused: limited physical dependence or
psychological dependence relative to drugs
in level IV

A

Schedule V

68
Q

What category?
Adequate and well-controlled studies have
failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in
the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is
no evidence of risk in later trimesters).

A

Category A

69
Q

What category?
Adequate and well-controlled studies have
failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in
the first trimester of pregnancy (and there is
no evidence of risk in later trimesters).

Example drugs or substances: levothyroxine,
folic acid, liothyronine

A

Category A

70
Q

Wjat category?
• Animal reproduction studies have failed to
demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are
no adequate and well-controlled studies in
pregnant women.
• Example drugs: metformin,
hydrochlorothiazide, cyclobenzaprine,
amoxicillin, pantoprazole, paracetamol

A

Category B

71
Q

Wjat category?
• Animal reproduction studies have failed to
demonstrate a risk to the fetus and there are
no adequate and well-controlled studies in
pregnant women.
• Example drugs: metformin,
hydrochlorothiazide, cyclobenzaprine,
amoxicillin, pantoprazole, paracetamol

A

Category B

72
Q

• Animal reproduction studies have shown an
adverse effect on the fetus and there are no
adequate and well-controlled studies in
humans, but potential benefits may warrant
use of the drug in pregnant women despite
potential risks.
• Example drugs: tramadol, gabapentin,
amlodipine, trazodone

A

Category C

73
Q

• There is positive evidence of human fetal risk
based on adverse reaction data from
investigational or marketing experience or
studies in humans, but potential benefits
may warrant use of the drug in pregnant
women despite potential risks.
• Example drugs: lisinopril, alprazolam,
losartan, clonazepam, lorazepam

A

Category D

74
Q

What category?
• There is positive evidence of human fetal risk
based on adverse reaction data from
investigational or marketing experience or
studies in humans, but potential benefits
may warrant use of the drug in pregnant
women despite potential risks.
• Example drugs: lisinopril, alprazolam,
losartan, clonazepam, lorazepam

A

Category D

75
Q

What category?
• Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated
fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive
evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse
reaction data from investigational or marketing
experience, and the risks involved in use of the
drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh
potential benefits.
• Example drugs: atorvastatin, simvastatin,
warfarin, methotrexate, finasteride

A

Category X

76
Q

What category?
• Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated
fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive
evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse
reaction data from investigational or marketing
experience, and the risks involved in use of the
drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh
potential benefits.
• Example drugs: atorvastatin, simvastatin,
warfarin, methotrexate, finasteride

A

Category X

77
Q

• Drugs intended for the treatment of “rare
disease and conditions”
• To help promote research on rare diseases

A

Orphan Drug

78
Q

hard tablet that dissolves under the tongue in 30 mims

A

Troches

79
Q

hard tablet that dissolves under the tongue in 30 mims

A

Troches

DDS LEC (3 decks)

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