Heredity and Genetics Flashcards
Autosomes
Chromosomes that do not determine a persons sex
Centromere
The part of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together
Chromatids
Strands of replicated chromosomes
Mitosis: Interphase
before mitosis when cells are growing, replicating DNA and carrying out daily functions
Mitosis: Prophase
Nucleus is still in tact, chromosomes are condensing. thickening and becoming visible
Mitosis: Metaphase
Nucleus is disassembled, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
M = Middle
Mitosis: Anaphase
Sister Chromatids are split apart moving to opposite sides of the cell.
A = Away
Mitosis: Telophase
New Nuclei form around split apart chromosomes. Cytokinesis begins.
T = Two new cells
How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.
Meiosis: Prophase 1
Chromosomes condense, crossing over occurs. (chromatids share information with the other in its pair)
46 chromosome pairs, 92 chromatids
How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.
Meiosis: Metaphase 1
Homologous pairs of 2 chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
46 chromosome pairs, 92 chromatids
How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.
Meiosis: Anaphase 1
Chromosome pairs of 2 split apart and taken to opposite sides of the cell.
23 chromosome pairs, 46 Chromatids
How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.
Meiosis: Telophase 1
Nuclei form and cytokinesis begin.
23 chromosome pairs, 46 chromatids
How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.
Meiosis: Prophase 2
No crossing over, 23 chromosome pairs condense.
23 chromosome pairs, 46 chromatids
How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.
Meiosis: Metaphase 2
23 chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
23 chromosomes, 46 chromatids.
How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.
Meiosis: Anaphase 2
23 Chromosome pairs are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.
23 chromosomes, 23 chromatids on either side. Haploid (n)
How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.
Meiosis: Telophase 2
Nuclei form and cytokinesis begins.
23 chromosomes, 23 charomatids. Haploid (n)
Nondisjunction
When a cell receives too many or too few chromosomes during cell division
Polyploidy
An increse in the number of chromosome sets in a cell. Ex: 5n
triploid
cells with 3 sets of chromosomes
tetraploidy
cells with 4 sets of chromosomes
aneuploidy
change in chromosome number that doesnt involve a complete set, just a single chromosome
monosomy
loss of a single chromosome
trisomy
gain of a single chromosome
Mendels Law of Segregation
gametes only carry one allele for a gene.
Gene pair: HhSs —–> gamete gets one allele from each gene pairs ex: HS or Hs
Mendels Law of independant assortment
Alleles are not linked. Organisms can have any mixture or combination of the genotypes
Incomplete Dominance
The dominant allele is not completely expressed. Ex: R=red flower r=white flower, if the genotype pair is Rr, the flower would be pink.
Codominance
The alleles work together. Ex, B= black chicken b= white chicken, if genotype pair is Bb, chicken is white with black speckles or black with white speckles.
Polygenic
Many genes are coded for one specific trait. Ex:AaBBCcdd
Epistasis
One gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed
Antigens
Substances that can trigger an immune response if foreign to body
What blood types have Rh factor?
positive blood types
What is the genotype for type A blood
Homozygous Dominant: IAIA
Heterozygous: IAi
‘A’ is like an exponent
What is the genotype for type O blood
only ii
What is the genotype for type AB blood
Only IAIB
The A and B are like exponents
What is a mutation
a change in a nucleic acid
Silent mutation
codon sequence is changed, but the amino acid remains the same. Ex: CUU mutates to CUC but still remains as Leucine
Substitution Mutation
the wrong base is paired in DNA sequencing. Ex: A-C or G-T
Insertion
Extra base(s) are added into a DNA sequence
Deletion
base(s) are removed from DNA sequencing
Translocation
A broken piece of a crhomosome attaches to a different chromosome
Frameshift
Causes the insertion or deletion of bases in DNA
Missense
mutation that causes the substitution of one amino acid for another
Miss I didn’t want this one
Sense
the changing of a termination codon into an amino acid, making the protein longer than normal
Since you still here hanging around
Nonsense
when an amino acid gets turned into a stop codon
STOP all this nonsense
Senescene
Describes a cell that has become dormant
Apoptosis
programmed cell death/suicide
Cancer
A cell that has escaped the normal bounds of the cell cycle
DNA polymerase
enzyme that copies DNA, can proofread its work. When an error is detected, it will go back and fix it.
DNA repair enzymes
will cut the DNA on a missed error for DNA polymerase to come back and fix
Polymerase chain reactions (PCR)
a form of DNA replication where only certain sections of the DNA is copied. 3 steps Denaturization, Hybridization, DNA synthesis
Southern Blot
A process that separates DNA fragments by size , then transferred to filters to be screened
DNA sequencing
determining a nucleotide sequence
DNA microarrays
strands of DNA are placed in “fields” given green or red dye, and combine with DNA already in the fields. Excess is washed away and then scanned by a laser for results. Green is normal, red is cancerous, yellow is both, gray is none
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
a populations allele and genotype frequencies are constant unless there is some evolutionary force acting upon it.
5 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
- No Natural Selection 2. No Mutation 3. No migration 4. Large population 5. Random Mating
