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Heredity and Genetics > Heredity and Genetics > Flashcards

Heredity and Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes that do not determine a persons sex

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2
Q

Centromere

A

The part of a chromosome that holds sister chromatids together

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3
Q

Chromatids

A

Strands of replicated chromosomes

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4
Q

Mitosis: Interphase

A

before mitosis when cells are growing, replicating DNA and carrying out daily functions

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5
Q

Mitosis: Prophase

A

Nucleus is still in tact, chromosomes are condensing. thickening and becoming visible

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6
Q

Mitosis: Metaphase

A

Nucleus is disassembled, chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

M = Middle

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7
Q

Mitosis: Anaphase

A

Sister Chromatids are split apart moving to opposite sides of the cell.

A = Away

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8
Q

Mitosis: Telophase

A

New Nuclei form around split apart chromosomes. Cytokinesis begins.

T = Two new cells

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9
Q

How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.

Meiosis: Prophase 1

A

Chromosomes condense, crossing over occurs. (chromatids share information with the other in its pair)

46 chromosome pairs, 92 chromatids

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10
Q

How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.

Meiosis: Metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs of 2 chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

46 chromosome pairs, 92 chromatids

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11
Q

How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.

Meiosis: Anaphase 1

A

Chromosome pairs of 2 split apart and taken to opposite sides of the cell.

23 chromosome pairs, 46 Chromatids

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12
Q

How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.

Meiosis: Telophase 1

A

Nuclei form and cytokinesis begin.

23 chromosome pairs, 46 chromatids

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13
Q

How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.

Meiosis: Prophase 2

A

No crossing over, 23 chromosome pairs condense.

23 chromosome pairs, 46 chromatids

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14
Q

How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.

Meiosis: Metaphase 2

A

23 chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

23 chromosomes, 46 chromatids.

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15
Q

How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.

Meiosis: Anaphase 2

A

23 Chromosome pairs are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.

23 chromosomes, 23 chromatids on either side. Haploid (n)

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16
Q

How many Chromosome pairs, and individual chromatids.

Meiosis: Telophase 2

A

Nuclei form and cytokinesis begins.

23 chromosomes, 23 charomatids. Haploid (n)

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17
Q

Nondisjunction

A

When a cell receives too many or too few chromosomes during cell division

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18
Q

Polyploidy

A

An increse in the number of chromosome sets in a cell. Ex: 5n

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19
Q

triploid

A

cells with 3 sets of chromosomes

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20
Q

tetraploidy

A

cells with 4 sets of chromosomes

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21
Q

aneuploidy

A

change in chromosome number that doesnt involve a complete set, just a single chromosome

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22
Q

monosomy

A

loss of a single chromosome

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23
Q

trisomy

A

gain of a single chromosome

24
Q

Mendels Law of Segregation

A

gametes only carry one allele for a gene.

Gene pair: HhSs —–> gamete gets one allele from each gene pairs ex: HS or Hs

25
Q

Mendels Law of independant assortment

A

Alleles are not linked. Organisms can have any mixture or combination of the genotypes

26
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

The dominant allele is not completely expressed. Ex: R=red flower r=white flower, if the genotype pair is Rr, the flower would be pink.

27
Q

Codominance

A

The alleles work together. Ex, B= black chicken b= white chicken, if genotype pair is Bb, chicken is white with black speckles or black with white speckles.

28
Q

Polygenic

A

Many genes are coded for one specific trait. Ex:AaBBCcdd

29
Q

Epistasis

A

One gene depends on another gene for it to be expressed

30
Q

Antigens

A

Substances that can trigger an immune response if foreign to body

31
Q

What blood types have Rh factor?

A

positive blood types

32
Q

What is the genotype for type A blood

A

Homozygous Dominant: IAIA
Heterozygous: IAi

‘A’ is like an exponent

33
Q

What is the genotype for type O blood

A

only ii

34
Q

What is the genotype for type AB blood

A

Only IAIB

The A and B are like exponents

35
Q

What is a mutation

A

a change in a nucleic acid

36
Q

Silent mutation

A

codon sequence is changed, but the amino acid remains the same. Ex: CUU mutates to CUC but still remains as Leucine

37
Q

Substitution Mutation

A

the wrong base is paired in DNA sequencing. Ex: A-C or G-T

38
Q

Insertion

A

Extra base(s) are added into a DNA sequence

39
Q

Deletion

A

base(s) are removed from DNA sequencing

40
Q

Translocation

A

A broken piece of a crhomosome attaches to a different chromosome

41
Q

Frameshift

A

Causes the insertion or deletion of bases in DNA

42
Q

Missense

A

mutation that causes the substitution of one amino acid for another

Miss I didn’t want this one

43
Q

Sense

A

the changing of a termination codon into an amino acid, making the protein longer than normal

Since you still here hanging around

44
Q

Nonsense

A

when an amino acid gets turned into a stop codon

STOP all this nonsense

45
Q

Senescene

A

Describes a cell that has become dormant

46
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death/suicide

47
Q

Cancer

A

A cell that has escaped the normal bounds of the cell cycle

48
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that copies DNA, can proofread its work. When an error is detected, it will go back and fix it.

49
Q

DNA repair enzymes

A

will cut the DNA on a missed error for DNA polymerase to come back and fix

50
Q

Polymerase chain reactions (PCR)

A

a form of DNA replication where only certain sections of the DNA is copied. 3 steps Denaturization, Hybridization, DNA synthesis

51
Q

Southern Blot

A

A process that separates DNA fragments by size , then transferred to filters to be screened

52
Q

DNA sequencing

A

determining a nucleotide sequence

53
Q

DNA microarrays

A

strands of DNA are placed in “fields” given green or red dye, and combine with DNA already in the fields. Excess is washed away and then scanned by a laser for results. Green is normal, red is cancerous, yellow is both, gray is none

54
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

a populations allele and genotype frequencies are constant unless there is some evolutionary force acting upon it.

55
Q

5 assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A
  1. No Natural Selection 2. No Mutation 3. No migration 4. Large population 5. Random Mating

Heredity and Genetics (1 decks)

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