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year 10 biology > heredity > Flashcards

heredity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where is DNA located in the cell?

A

the nucleus

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2
Q

how is DNA organised in the nucleus?

A

organised into units called genes, genes are found in chromosomes

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3
Q

what is a gene?

A

a segment of DNA that codes for a particular protein

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4
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 (46 total)

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5
Q

what does diploid mean?

A

a paired set of chromosomes in somatic cells

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6
Q

what is a somatic cell?

A

cells of the body except sex cells

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7
Q

what are gametes?

A

sperm and egg cells

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8
Q

what does haploid mean?

A

the possession of each chromosome in a cell

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9
Q

what sex chromosomes does a female have?

A

xx

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10
Q

what sex chromosomes does a male have?

A

xy

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11
Q

what is an autosome?

A

any chromosome not involved in sex determination

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12
Q

what is a sex chromosome?

A

the chromosomes that determine your sex (gender)

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13
Q

what are the components of a nucleotide?

A

phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous bases

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14
Q

what are the building blocks of DNA?

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

What components form the DNA backbone?

A

sugar and phosphate

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16
Q

what components form the rungs?

A

the nitrogenous bases

17
Q

what are the four types of bases>

A

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

18
Q

what is complementary badge pairing?

A

bases bending with one another

19
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

a karyotype is the visualisation of an individuals collection of chromosomes

20
Q

what is the purpose of a karyotype?

A

to look at abnormal structures or numbers of chromosomes

21
Q

what is a homologous chromosome?

A

the same size, and shape and carry the same genes

22
Q

where do you get the matching pairs?

A

one from your mum and the other from your dad

23
Q

what is an allele?

A

the different forms of a gene

24
Q

what is the difference between a gene and an allele?

A

gene specifies traits, alleles specify the form the gene takes

25
Q

what are dominant alleles?

A

will always be expressed when they’re present

26
Q

what are recessive alleles?

A

only express when there are two recessive ones

27
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

the trait that is seen

28
Q

what is homozygous?

A

the same alleles

29
Q

what is heterozygous?

A

different alleles

30
Q

what is a genetic cross?

A

measures the probability for a certain genetic cross

31
Q

what is a punnet square?

A

the tool we use to do a cross

32
Q

how to complete a punnet square?

A
  1. Designate characters to represent alleles.
  2. Write the genotype and phenotype of the parents.
  3. Use a grid to work out genetic combinations.
  4. Write the genotype and phenotype ratios of offspring.

year 10 biology (1 decks)

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