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bsc2010 > heredity > Flashcards

heredity Flashcards

1
Q

X-linkage

A

gene present on the X, but not the Y chromosome

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2
Q

Allele

A

gene variations that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

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3
Q

ABO blood types

A

the classification of human blood based on the inherited properties of red blood cells ( erythrocytes) as determined by the presence or absence of the antigens A and B, which are carried on the surface of the red cells.

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4
Q

Autosome

A

any of the non-sex chromosomes

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5
Q

Carrier

A

is an individual who carries and is capable of passing on a genetic mutation associated with a disease and may or may not display disease symptoms.

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6
Q

Character

A

any observable feature, or trait, of an organism, whether acquired or inherited

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7
Q

Cross Over

A

is the swapping of genetic material that occurs in the germ line

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8
Q

Discontinuous variation

A

inheritance pattern in which traits are distinct and are transmitted independently of one another

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9
Q

Dominant

A

trait which confers the same physical appearance whether an individual has two copies of the trait or one copy of the dominant trait and one copy of the recessive trait

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10
Q

Epistasis

A

antagonistic interaction between genes such that one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another

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11
Q

Dominant Lethal

A

an allele is lethal both in the

homozygote and the heterozygote

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12
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

in a heterozygote, expression of two contrasting alleles such that the individual displays an intermediate phenotype

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13
Q

Essential Gene

A

are indispensable genes for organisms to grow and reproduce offspring under certain environment.

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14
Q

Chromosome Mapping

A

Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.

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15
Q

Chromosomes

A

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

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16
Q

Discontinous Variation

A

a variation in which different forms of a CHARACTER fall clearly into a particular grouping without overlapping each other, and are often controlled by a small number of major genes.

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17
Q

Essential Gene

A

are indispensable genes for organisms to grow and reproduce offspring under certain environment.

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18
Q

Blending theory

A

The discredited theory that inheritance of traits from two parents produces offspring with characteristics that are intermediate between those of the parents.

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19
Q

Lethality

A

A single copy of the wild-type allele is not always

sufficient for normal functioning or even survival

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20
Q

Quanititiative Trait

A

are phenotypic traits that are determined, jointly with the environment, by many genes of small effect.

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21
Q

Linkage

A

phenomenon in which alleles that are located in close proximity to each other on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited together

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22
Q

Codominance

A

is a relationship between two versions of a gene. Individuals receive one version of a gene, called an allele, from each parent

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23
Q

Chromosome mapping

A

is a technique used in autosomal DNA testing which allows the testee to determine which segments of DNA came from which ancestor.

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24
Q

P-generation

A

the first set or first generation in the study of inheritance

25
Q

Homozygous

A

having two identical alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome

26
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a given gene on the homologous chromosome

27
Q

Hemizygous

A

presence of only one allele for a characteristic, as in X-linkage; hemizygosity makes descriptions of dominance and recessiveness irrelevant

28
Q

Law of Segregation

A

paired unit factors (i.e., genes) segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting any combination of factors

29
Q

Phenotype

A

physical
appearance or observable
characteristic of the alleles

30
Q

Genotype

A

underlying genetic makeup, consisting of both physically visible and non-expressed alleles, of an organism

31
Q

Genes

A

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

32
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

as the quantitative inheritance of multiple independent genes having an additive or cumulative effect on a single quantitative trait.

33
Q

Essential Gene

A

are indispensable genes for organisms to grow and reproduce offspring under certain environment

34
Q

Dihybrid Cross

A

result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for two characteristics

35
Q

F2 Generation

A

second filial generation produced when F1 individuals are self-crossed or fertilized with each other

36
Q

F1 Generation

A

first filial generation in a cross; the offspring of the parental generation

37
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

Augustinian monk and botanist who formulated the laws of heredity based on his careful breeding experiments on garden pea plants.

38
Q

Phenotypic ratio

A

the number of times a specific combination of alleles appears in the predicted phenotypes of any offspring.
3:1

39
Q

Genotypic ratio

A

the number of times a characteristic of an organism will be seen in the offspring when genes for certain traits are crossed
1:2:1

40
Q

Nonfunctional Allele

A

the cell will continue to grow and divide, regardless of the signals it receives

41
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

a hereditary disease marked by degeneration of the brain cells and causing chorea and progressive dementia.

42
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting of alleles into gametes; every possible combination of alleles is equally likely to occur

43
Q

Locus

A

is the specific physical location of a gene or other DNA sequence on a chromosome, like a genetic street address

44
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

result of a cross between two true-breeding parents that express different traits for only one characteristic

45
Q

Punnett Square

A

visual representation of a cross between two individuals in which the gametes of each individual are denoted along the top and side of a grid, respectively, and the possible zygotic genotypes are recombined at each box in the grid

46
Q

Quantitative Traits

A

are phenotypic traits that are determined, jointly with the environment, by many genes of small effect.

47
Q

Recessive

A

trait that appears “latent” or non-expressed when the individual also carries a dominant trait for that same characteristic; when present as two identical copies, the recessive trait is expressed

48
Q

Recessive disease

A

A condition that appears only in individuals who have received two copies of a mutant gene, one copy from each parent.

49
Q

Recessive lethal

A

as a mutation that results mainly in the premature death of homozygous individuals, sickle cell anemia is a recessive lethal condition.

50
Q

Recombinantion chromosomes

A

are formed when there is shuffling of genetic material between the homologous chromosomes.

51
Q

Segregate

A

the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes genetic science , genetics - the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms

52
Q

Self-fertilization

A

the fertilization of plants and some invertebrate animals by their own pollen or sperm rather than that of another individual.

53
Q

Sex linkage

A

any gene on a sex chromosome

54
Q

Sex chromosome

A

are one pair of non-homologous chromosomes.

55
Q

Testcross

A

cross between a dominant expressing individual with an unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual; the offspring phenotypes indicate whether the unknown parent is heterozygous or homozygous for the dominant trait

56
Q

Trait

A

a variant of a character

57
Q

True-breeding

A

offspring produced by self-fertilization all

look like a parent, over multiple generations.

58
Q

wild type

A

a phenotype, genotype, or gene that predominates in a natural population of organisms or strain of organisms in contrast to that of natural or laboratory mutant forms

bsc2010 (1 decks)

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