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Equine Medicine Final > Herd Health and Parasites > Flashcards

Herd Health and Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Passive immunization definition and example

A
  • Give antibodies to an unimmunized individual
  • Antitoxins
  • e.g. Tetanus antitoxin, colostrum, and botulinum antitoxin
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2
Q

Active immunization definition and examples of natural and artificial immunization

A
  • Exposure to a pathogenic agent
  • Natural: contracting the disease and having immunity for later
  • Artificial: vaccines
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3
Q

Definition of live attenuated vaccines

A
  • Live pathogen, made less severe in the lab
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4
Q

Pros of live attenuated vaccines

A
  • Booster less frequently
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5
Q

Cons of live attenuated vaccines

A
  • Require refrigeration
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6
Q

Definition of inactivated vaccine

A
  • Pathogen is destroyed
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7
Q

Pros of inactivated vaccines

A
  • Don’t require refrigeration
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8
Q

Cons of inactivated vaccines

A
  • Not as good of an immune response

- Require frequent boosters

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9
Q

Definition of a subunit vaccine

A
  • They remove the antigen and just give the part
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10
Q

Pros of subunit vaccine

A
  • low chance of vaccine reaction

- Good to choose if you have an animal prone to having vaccine reactions

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11
Q

Cons of a subunit vaccine

A
  • Cost
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12
Q

Toxoid vaccine definition

A
  • Vaccinations that are made against toxins instead of the actual organism
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13
Q

Example of a toxoid vaccine

A

Tetanus

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14
Q

Con of a toxoid

A
  • Usually inactivated in formalin
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15
Q

Recombinant vector vaccine definition

A

-Takes the part of the pathogen that you would be responding to and insert it in a less pathogenic bacteria or virus

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16
Q

Recombinant vaccine pro

A
  • develop a good immune response
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17
Q

Recombinant vaccine con

A
  • May develop mild disease
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18
Q

Is any vaccine 100% effective in preventing disease?

A

NO!

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19
Q

What do vaccines need to demonstrate to be marketed by FDA?

A
  • That they are SAFE

- Not necessarily effective

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20
Q

Four labels for vaccines

A
  • Prevention of infection** (Most desirable)
  • Prevention of disease
  • Aid in disease prevention
  • Aid in disease control
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21
Q

What does prevention of infection label require?

A
  • Need to demonstrate at least 80% efficacy in challenged animals
  • Even with that 20% could still become infected after vaccination
22
Q

Core vaccinations** KNOW THIS

A
  • Tetanus
  • EEE/WEE
  • WNV
  • Rabies
23
Q

Tetanus vaccine

A
  • Available everywhere
  • All horses will be exposed in their lifetime
  • Well-vaccinated horses tend to be well-protected
24
Q

EEE/WEE

A
  • All horses are exposed due to the vector (mosquito)

- Doesn’t matter if your horse will travel off the property or not

25
Q

WNV vaccine

A
  • All horses are exposed due to vector regardless of traveling
26
Q

Rabies vaccine

A
  • Public health significance with rabies
  • We want to do it for our safety regardless
  • NOT required by law
27
Q

Why are the core vaccines cores?

A
  • High morbidity and mortality

- Every horse is at risk no matter what the geography

28
Q

Risk based vaccines

A
  • Know that there are a lot, and they exist
29
Q

What to do with vaccine adverse reactions

A
  • Not an issue with how it was vaccinated, but that there happened to be spores
  • Report to USDA and FDA
  • Company will pay for diagnostics but not necessarily with treatment (not true for clients that pick up vaccines at the supply store)
30
Q

Mild vaccine reactions

A
  • Becoming febrile, getting stiff, or going off feed
31
Q

What to do with horses that develop vaccine reactions

A
  • Consider splitting them in the future
  • Only vaccinate for two or three instead of all at once
  • Might be able to figure out which vaccine they are responding to
  • Try a different location (e.g. Semimembranosus or semitendinosus)
  • Try switching manufacturers because often they respond to the adjuvant
  • If it’s not core, re-evaluate if necessary
  • If they continue to react, you can premedicate with an NSAID
32
Q

Strongyle life cycle brief

A
  • Pass in manure
  • Eggs hatch and hang out in water droplets on the grass
  • Horse consumes larvae
  • Travels to GIT
  • If a large strongyle, will migrate out
  • If a small strongyle it will likely encyst and hang out dormant
  • Can travel to the cranial mesenteric artery
33
Q

Roundworm (Parascaris) life cycle

A
  • Usually affecting younger horses, as older horses tend to have immunity
  • Eggs passed in the feces
  • Embryonate and develop into larvae but hang out in the environment so quite resistant to heat, cold, and sunlight
  • Ingested by the horse and hatch in the GIT
  • Travel to the lungs, get coughed back u and swallowed to finish development
34
Q

Tapeworm life cycle review

A
  • Tapeworms live in the ileocecal junction
  • Pass proglottids which are segments of the tapeworm itself
  • Fecal flotations are not super sensitive for proglottids
  • In pasture they will hatch and be ingested by pasture mites
  • Horse eats those and develops the infection that way
35
Q

Strongyloides westeri life cycle review

A
  • Inconsequential for adult horses
  • Travel to mammary tissue and are ingested by foals
  • Set up shop in the small intestine of the foal and can be a cause of diarrhea in the foal
  • Not a problem for the adult; only the foal
36
Q

Pinworm life cycle

A
  • Oxyuris equi (pinworm)

- Hang out in the rectum and lay eggs on the backside of the horse at night

37
Q

Primary anthelmintic drugs

A
  • Ivermectin
  • Moxidectin
  • Pyrantel pamoate
  • Fenbendazole
38
Q

What life stages are we usually killing when we deworm?

A
  • Some of the later larval stages and the adults
  • We still may need to keep an eye on them
  • Not effective against a lot of the younger life stages
39
Q

What is the rationale for strategic deworming

A
  • Anthelmintic resistance

- Variable susceptibility to parasites in adult horses

40
Q

What is the primary recommendation for strategic deworming now?

A
  • Fecal egg count (FEC)
41
Q

Low shedder FEC

A

< 200 eggs/gm

42
Q

Moderate shedder FEC

A

200-500 eggs/gm

43
Q

High shedder FEC

A

> 500 eggs/gm

44
Q

Recommendations for low shedders

A
  • Twice yearly deworming with ivermectin/praziquantel
  • Ivermectin for strongyles (large and small), pinworms, and ascarids
  • Praziquantel for tapeworms
45
Q

Moderate to heavy shedder recommendations

A
  • Deworm based on parasites ID’d on FEC
  • Recheck fecal in 2 weeks to assess for resistance
  • Recheck fecal in 3-4 months and repeat as necessary
46
Q

What is resistance defined as for FEC?

A
  • If you deworm and after two weeks you have a less than 80% egg reduction
47
Q

Small strongyle resistance

A
  • Widespread to fenbendazole
  • Common with pyrantel pamoate
  • Early indications with ivermectin
  • Just make sure you check
48
Q

Large strongyle resistance

A
  • None to fenbendazole, pyrantel pamoate, or ivermectin currently
49
Q

Ascarid resistance

A
  • Early indications to fenbendazole and pyrantel pamoate

- Widespread to ivermectin

50
Q

Benefits of strategic deworming

A
  • Stop using/paying for dewormers that don’t work on the farm population
  • Concentrate efforts on the ~20% of the farm’s horses that are moderate to high shedders
  • Ignorance (to resistance) does NOT = bliss…it equals colic surgery and decreased feed efficiency
51
Q

Deworming recommendations for foals, weanlings, and yearlings

A
  • Not based on FECs
  • 2 months of age: Benzimidazole (ascarids)
  • 6 months of age: FEC to determine if targeting strongyles or ascarids
  • 9 months, 12 months of age: target strongyles, tape worms
  • Yearlings: will likely be high shedders, monitor closely and treat (q3-4 months)
52
Q

Management for parasite control

A
  • Rotate pastures, cross graze with other species
  • Do not spread manure on pastures
  • Include FEC as part of new-horse quarantine

Equine Medicine Final (10 decks)

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