herbivory

Question 1

• Polyphagous

Answer 1

Feeding on many different types of food or plant species

Question 2

• Oligophagous

Answer 2

Feeding on a limited number of species, typically within one family.

Question 3

• Monophagous

Answer 3

Feeding on a single species of food or host plant

Question 4

• Niche Conservatism

Answer 4

The tendency of species to retain their ancestral ecological traits.

Question 5

• Leaf Mining

Answer 5

Feeding behavior where larvae live and eat inside the leaf tissue

Question 6

• Boring

Answer 6

Feeding activity where larvae or insects create holes in plants, often in stems or trunks.

Question 7

• Plant Apparency

Answer 7

The visibility of a plant to herbivores, influencing its defenses

Question 8

• Trichomes

Answer 8

Hair-like structures on plants that can deter herbivores or reduce water loss.

Question 9

• Plant Secondary Metabolites (PSMs):

Answer 9

): Chemical compounds produced by plants that are not necessary for growth but provide defense

Question 10

• Induced Defence

Answer 10

Defenses that are activated in response to herbivory or stress.

Question 11

• Constitutive Defence

Answer 11

Defenses that are always present, regardless of herbivory.

Question 12

• Leaf Toughness

Answer 12

A structural defense that makes leaves harder to eat

Question 13

• Plant Defence Syndromes:

Answer 13

Suites of defensive traits that evolve together to protect plants.

Question 14

• Skeletonise

Answer 14

When herbivores eat leaf tissue between the veins, leaving a “skeleton” of veins.

Question 15

• Vein Cutting

Answer 15

Herbivores cut veins of leaves to prevent toxic compounds from reaching feeding sites.

Question 16

• Trenching

Answer 16

Herbivores make cuts to drain or prevent flow of defensive compounds in leaves.

Question 17

• Sequestration

Answer 17

Storage of toxic substances by herbivores from their food plants to deter predators.

Question 18

• Parasitoid

Answer 18

An organism that lives on or in a host, eventually killing it

Question 19

• Domatium/Domatia:

Answer 19

Small plant structures that provide shelter for beneficial organisms.

Question 20

• Extra-floral Nectary

Answer 20

Nectar-producing structures located outside flowers that attract beneficial insects.

Question 21

• Co-evolution:

Answer 21

Mutual evolutionary influence between two interacting species

Question 22

• Diffuse Co-evolution

Answer 22

Co-evolution involving multiple species rather than a strict one-to-one relationship.

Question 23

• Rumen

Answer 23

A stomach chamber in certain herbivores that aids in fermentation

Question 24

• Foregut Fermentation

Answer 24

Microbial fermentation occurring in the foregut of certain animals.

Question 25

• Keystone Species

Answer 25

A species that has a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem.

Question 26

• Trophic Cascade

Answer 26

A series of changes in the ecosystem resulting from changes at one trophic level.

Question 27

• Habitat Fragmentation

Answer 27

The process of breaking large habitats into smaller, isolated patches.

Question 28

• Landscape Matrix

Answer 28

The surrounding landscape around habitat patches that influences connectivity.

Question 29

• Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Answer 29

Suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can maximize species diversity.

Question 30

• Succession

Answer 30

The process of change in the species structure of an ecosystem over time.

Question 31

• Urchin Barren

Answer 31

Marine areas dominated by sea urchins, often due to loss of predators, leading to depleted kelp or other algae.