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Hepatitis A B C Flashcards

1
Q

What is the earliest marker for Hepatitis B virus?

A

HBs Ag (Australian Ag)

HBs Ag is the first detectable antigen in Hepatitis B infection.

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2
Q

What is the window period in Hepatitis B diagnosis?

A

IgM Anti HBc (HBsAg and anti-HBs does not appear in blood)

During this period, the typical markers for Hepatitis B may not be detectable.

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3
Q

What is the most sensitive indicator for Hepatitis B virus infection?

A

HBV DNA in serum

HBV DNA testing can detect the virus even when other markers are negative.

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4
Q

What marker indicates active proliferation of the virus in hepatic cells?

A

HBeAg

HBeAg is associated with increased viral replication and infectivity.

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5
Q

What percentage of acute hepatitis cases in immunocompetent individuals progress to chronic HB?

A

1-2%

Most acute cases resolve without progressing to chronic infection.

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6
Q

What is the risk of developing cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis B?

A

25-40%

Chronic hepatitis B can lead to severe liver complications including cirrhosis.

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7
Q

What are some extrahepatic manifestations of chronic hepatitis B?

A
  • Rash
  • Urticaria
  • Arthritis
  • Glomerulonephritis

These manifestations are systemic effects of the viral infection.

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8
Q

Which markers are positive in chronic hepatitis B?

A
  • HBV DNA
  • Anti HBeAg IgG antibody
  • HBeAg

These markers indicate ongoing infection and immune response.

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9
Q

What does Hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg) indicate?

A

Active infection

A negative test for HBsAg makes HBV infection very unlikely.

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10
Q

When does HBsAg appear in the blood during the infection timeline?

A

Late incubation period but before the prodromal phase

HBsAg is one of the first markers to appear in the infection process.

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11
Q

How long does HBsAg typically last in the blood?

A

3-4 weeks; can persist up to 5 months

Prolonged presence of HBsAg indicates potential chronic infection.

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12
Q

What does persistence of HBsAg for longer than 6 months indicate?

A

Chronic infection

This is a key criterion for diagnosing chronic Hepatitis B.

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13
Q

When does the antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) appear?

A

After 3-6 months

Anti-HBs indicates recovery and immunity from Hepatitis B.

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14
Q

What is a route of transmission of hepatitis B

A
  1. Percutaneous
  2. Sexual
  3. Prenatal
    Horizontal transmission(10%)
  4. Injection drug
    2 playground play as a toddler(in Africa)
    3.infected unscreen blood
  5. Tattoos acupunctures needle

Vertical transmission(90%)
1.HBsAg mother

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15
Q

By which virus Hepatitis B is caused and what is its incubation period?

A

Hepadnavirus

Incubation period 30 - 180 days

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16
Q
A
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

What type of virus is Hepatitis A classified as?

A

Picornavirus single standard RNA
5-45days ip

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19
Q

What is the primary route of transmission for Hepatitis A?

A

Feco-oral route

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20
Q

How long is HAV excreted in stools after the onset of clinical illness?

A

7-14 days

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21
Q

What is the typical recovery time for Hepatitis A?

A

6-12 months

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22
Q

Does Hepatitis A lead to chronic infection?

A

Nil

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23
Q

Does a chronic carrier state occur with Hepatitis A?

A

No

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24
Q

What is used for the diagnosis of Hepatitis A?

A

IgM anti-HAV in acute or early convalescent serum sample

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25
Q

Is Anti-HAV of the IgG type useful for diagnosis?

A

No, it is of no diagnostic value as HaV infection is common and it persist for years after infection for the person has vaccinated

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26
Q
A
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27
Q

What is the size of the Hepatitis C virus?

A

Flavivirus with RNA genome IP 15 to 160 days and root of transmission is percutaneous

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28
Q

What are the routes of transmission for Hepatitis C?

A

Percutaneous

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29
Q

What percentage of chronic Hepatitis C infections progress to chronic infection?

30
Q

Is there active or passive protection against Hepatitis C virus?

31
Q

What serious condition can develop later in patients with chronic Hepatitis C?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

32
Q

What is the primary risk factor for chronic Hepatitis C infection in the UK?

A

Intravenous drug misuse

33
Q

What percentage of new Hepatitis C cases in the UK are due to intravenous drug misuse?

34
Q

What are the risks associated with unscreened blood products in relation to Hepatitis C?

A

Risk of transmission

35
Q

What is the risk percentage of vertical transmission of Hepatitis C?

36
Q

What is the risk percentage of Hepatitis C transmission through needlestick injury?

37
Q

What type of transmission is associated with contaminated vaccination needles?

A

Iatrogenic parenteral transmission

38
Q

What household items can pose a risk for Hepatitis C transmission?

A

Sharing toothbrushes/razors

39
Q

What is the primary diagnostic marker for Hepatitis C in serum?

40
Q

What is another diagnostic marker for Hepatitis C in serum?

41
Q

What percentage of Hepatitis C cases are clinically mild?

A

Follows > 50% cases

42
Q

What laboratory finding is associated with chronic Hepatitis C?

A

Aminotransferase elevation

43
Q

What type of chronic hepatitis is often seen on liver biopsy for chronic Hepatitis C?

A

Mild chronic hepatitis

44
Q

What conditions are associated with chronic Hepatitis C?

A
  • Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
  • Porphyria cutanea tarda
  • Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
45
Q

What can chronic hepatitis lead to after decades of infection?

A

Cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

46
Q

How is chronic HBV infection characterized?

A

Dynamic process divided into five phases

47
Q

What is the size of the Hepatitis C virus?

48
Q

What type of genome does the Hepatitis C virus (HCV) have?

A

RNA genome

49
Q

What is the incubation period for Hepatitis C?

A

15-160 days

50
Q

What are the routes of transmission for Hepatitis C?

A

Percutaneous

51
Q

What percentage of chronic Hepatitis C infections lead to cirrhosis?

52
Q

What percentage of chronic Hepatitis C infections progress to chronic infection?

53
Q

Is there active or passive protection against Hepatitis C virus?

54
Q

What serious condition can develop later in patients with chronic Hepatitis C?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

55
Q

What is the primary risk factor for chronic Hepatitis C infection in the UK?

A

Intravenous drug misuse

56
Q

What percentage of new Hepatitis C cases in the UK are due to intravenous drug misuse?

57
Q

What are the risks associated with unscreened blood products in relation to Hepatitis C?

A

Risk of transmission

58
Q

What is the risk percentage of vertical transmission of Hepatitis C?

59
Q

What is the risk percentage of Hepatitis C transmission through needlestick injury?

60
Q

What type of transmission is associated with contaminated vaccination needles?

A

Iatrogenic parenteral transmission

61
Q

What household items can pose a risk for Hepatitis C transmission?

A

Sharing toothbrushes/razors

62
Q

What is the primary diagnostic marker for Hepatitis C in serum?

63
Q

What is another diagnostic marker for Hepatitis C in serum?

64
Q

What percentage of Hepatitis C cases are clinically mild?

A

Follows > 50% cases

65
Q

What laboratory finding is associated with chronic Hepatitis C?

A

Aminotransferase elevation

66
Q

What type of chronic hepatitis is often seen on liver biopsy for chronic Hepatitis C?

A

Mild chronic hepatitis

67
Q

What conditions are associated with chronic Hepatitis C?

A
  • Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
  • Porphyria cutanea tarda
  • Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
68
Q

What can chronic hepatitis lead to after decades of infection?

A

Cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

69
Q

How is chronic HBV infection characterized?

A

Dynamic process divided into five phases

Hepato Biliary (3 decks)

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