Hepatitis

Question 1

The following flashcards are going to be on the recording that I took in class on hepatitis

Question 2

What does hepatitis mean?

Answer 2

inflammation of the liver

Question 3

what are some causes of hepatitis ?

Answer 3

viral, alcohol, medications, chemicals, autoimmune diseases, metabolic problems

Question 4

How do you get hepatitis A?

Answer 4

fecal-oral contained food or water

Question 5

is there a vaccine for hep a?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

can hep a be chronic ?

Answer 6

no, but it can lead to mild liver failure

Question 7

how do you get hep b?

Answer 7

blood, fluid to a patient from someone who is infected

Question 8

is there a vaccine for hep b?
and are these conditions for life?

Answer 8

yes for both

Question 9

how do you get hep c?

Answer 9

blood and body fluid

Question 10

is there a vaccine for hep c?
and why is it dangerous?

Answer 10

no

asymptomatic for the first stage
chronic causes liver damage

and it stays in your body for life

Question 11

how do you get hep D?

Answer 11

person must have hep B first and then it develops into something more chronic

Question 12

how do you get hep e?

Answer 12

fecal-oral, not common in US

Question 13

we do 3 tests for hep b, what are the names?

Answer 13

surfacen antigen (HBSAG)
hep B core antibody (anti-hbc)
surface antibody (anti-hbs)

Question 14

this will be on the test regarding the hep b bloodwork.
tell me what each of these test mean/indicate for us when we do it on a patient.

surface antigen (HBSAG)
hep B core antibody (anti-hbc)
surface antibody (anti-hbs)

Answer 14

antigens develops weeks after infection

seen at the onset of infection, remains for life

presence indicates immunity to HBV either from prior infection or immunization

Question 15

example for this bloodwork.
if youre patient core hep b is positive and their surface antibody is positive, how did they develop hep b?

Answer 15

they got hep b from an infection

because their core antibody was positive

Question 16

in the acute infection of having hepatitis, what is going on patho wise?

Answer 16

large numbers of hepatocytes are being destroyed

Question 17

after the resolution of the infection or simply a well controlled hep b outbreak, what can the body do ?

Answer 17

regenerate Normal liver cells

Question 18

however, what is the sad part of having a chronic infection of hep b ? more so what can it cause and progress into ?

Answer 18

fibrosis

progress into cirrhosis

Question 19

what are some systemic manifestations that can occur when a patient has a hepatitis infection ?

Answer 19

rash
angioedema
arthritis
fever
malasie
cryoglobulinemia
glomoeurloneprhritis
vasculitis

Question 20

a patient who gets exposed to hep b one day and then gets tested the following day, what will be the results and why ?

Answer 20

negative

the reason why is because it takes time for the infection to develop

Question 21

what are the main findings that can occur in patient with hepatitis ? (4)

Answer 21

hepatomegaly
lymphadenopathy
splenomegaly
jaundice or anicteric

Question 22

how long is an acute hep infectious ?

Answer 22

1-6 months

Question 23

if a patient has icteric (jaundice) or anicteric, what can we find on urine/skin examination ? (3)

Answer 23

dark urine
light-clay colored stools
pruritus

Question 24

a good thing about liver transplant is what?

Answer 24

you only need a piece of a good liver and the person with the transplant can just regenerate into it !

Question 25

what are some complications of having hepatitis ?

Answer 25

acute liver failure
chronic hepatitis
cirrhosis
portal hypertension
liver cancer

Question 26

patients with acute liver failure can end up with encephalopathy, gi bleeding, disseminated intravascular coagulation, fever with leukocytosis, renal manifestations

Question 27

why do we get hepatic encephalopathy ?

Answer 27

high levels of ammonia which causes the encephalopathy

Question 28

why do we get ascites ?

Answer 28

high pressures in the blood supply in the liver, it pushes fluid out in the space outside the vessels

Question 29

what are diagnostic studies?

Answer 29

hep panel
liver biopsy
viral genotype testing
ultrasound

Question 30

what is the medication we use to help treat hep b?

Answer 30

interferon

Question 31

what are side effects of hep b medication interferon?

Answer 31

flu like symptoms & depression

Question 32

Subjective data
Past health history
Hemophilia
Exposure to infected persons
Ingestion of contaminated food or water
Ingestion of toxins
Past blood transfusion (before 1992)
Other risk factors
Medications
Acetaminophen, OTC, or herbal medications

Question 33

subjective data: Functional health patterns
IV drug and alcohol abuse
Distaste for cigarettes (in smokers)
High-risk sexual behaviors
Weight loss, anorexia, nausea/vomiting
RUQ abdominal discomfort
Urine and stool color
Fatigue/arthralgias/myalgia
Exposure to high-risk groups

Question 34

Objective data
Low-grade fever
Jaundice
Rash
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Abnormal laboratory values

Question 35

Impaired nutritional intake
Activity intolerance
Risk for bleeding

Question 36

Patient will
Have relief of discomfort
Be able to resume normal activities
Return to normal liver function without complications

Question 37

Health promotion: Hepatitis A
Personal and environmental hygiene
Active immunization: HAV vaccine
Children at 1 year of age
Adults at risk
Post-exposure prophylaxis with HAV vaccine and immune globulin (IG)
Special precautions for health care personnel

Question 38

Health promotion: Hepatitis B
General measures
Immunization
Recombivax HB, Engerix-B
Series of three IM injections
All children and at-risk adults
Postexposure prophylaxis: vaccine and hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG)

Question 39

Health promotion: Hepatitis C
No vaccine to prevent HCV
General measures to prevent HCV transmission
Screen all persons born between 1945 and 1965
No postexposure prophylaxis; baseline and follow-up testing

Question 40

Acute care
Assess for jaundice
Comfort measures-antihistamines for itching
Adequate nutrition
Small, frequent meals
Measures to stimulate appetite
Carbonated beverages
Adequate fluid intake

Question 41

Acute care
Physical rest
Modified activity plan
Psychologic and emotional rest
Diversion activities

Question 42

Ambulatory care
Plan activities after periods of rest
Teach how to prevent transmission
Symptoms to report
Assessment for complications

Question 43

Ambulatory care
Regular follow-ups for at least 1 year after diagnosis
No alcohol
Medication education
How to administer interferon
Side effects
No blood donation by HBsAg- or HCV-positive patients

Question 44

Expected outcomes
Maintain food and fluid intake adequate to meet nutritional needs
Avoid alcohol and other hepatotoxic agents
Show gradual increase in activity tolerance
Perform daily activities with scheduled rest periods

Question 45

why do we use vitamin k for patients with hep?

Answer 45

for clotting because when you have hep youre more at risk of bleeding