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Pharm I - Eye > HENT > Flashcards

HENT Flashcards

1
Q

Drug groups for HENT?

A
  1. Decongestants
  2. Topical nasal steroids
  3. Antihistamines
  4. Anti-tussives
  5. Expectorants
  6. Mast cell stabalizers
  7. Ipratropium
  8. Leukotriene inhibitors
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2
Q

What is the MOA of decongestants?

A

alpha-agonists: stimulate a 1 receptors in nasal mucosa to produce vasoconstriction

Decreased blood flow = decreases edema = decreased congestion = increase air flow

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3
Q

Are decongestants used topically or orally?

A

Both; some orals are Rx

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4
Q

Effects of decongestants?

A
  • shrinks swollen nasal mucosa
  • reduces nasal congestion
  • increases sinus drainage
  • easier to breathe
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5
Q

5 topical decongestants?

A
  • Oxymetazoline (Afrin)
  • xylometazoline (otrivin)
  • phenylephrine (neo-synephrine)
  • naphazoline (privine)
  • Tertrahydrozoline (tyzine)
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6
Q

What does pharmacokinetics mean?

A

What the body does to drug, how it moves through the body

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7
Q

What does pharmacodynamics mean?

A

what the drug does to the body

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8
Q

Benefits of topical decongestants?

A

Most effective.

Allows more drug to get where it is needed with less systemic absorption and fewer S/E.

Lasts longer.

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9
Q

How do you use topical nasal decongestants?

A

1-2 sprays q12

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10
Q

What should you educate your patient on concerning decongestants?

A
  • keep applicator clean
  • spray and breathe in
  • don’t let it drip down back of throat
  • contraindication to using PO decongestants= contraindication to using nasal decongestants
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11
Q

Local and systemic S/E of topical decongestants?

A

Local:

  • stinging
  • burning
  • dryness of mucous membranes in the nose
  • rhinitis medicamentosa

Systemic:

  • increased BP
  • increased blood sugar
  • increased IOP
  • chest pain
  • difficulty urinating
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12
Q

What is rhinitis medicamentosa? When does it become a problem?

A

rebound congestion from using topical decongestants >3-5 days and than stopping them

rebound congestion often worse than to begin with

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13
Q

how do you treat rhinitis medicamentosa?

A
  • oral decongestants

- nasal corticosteroids

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14
Q

What are 6 contraindications for topical decongestants? Why?

A
  • CAD (increases rate & work of heart… increases ischemia)
  • HTN: increases BP
  • hyperthyroidism: worsens
  • DM: increase BS
  • narrow angle glaucoma: increased IOP could acutely close angle in eye
  • BPH: urinary retention
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15
Q

Why are oral decongestants a useful alternative for nasal decongestants? Why aren’t they?

A

can be used for a longer period of time

no rebound effect

more S/E

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16
Q

Oral decongestant on the market?

A
  • pseudoephedrine

- phenylephrine

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17
Q

What receptors do oral decongestants target?

A

A1

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18
Q

What oral decongestant also stimulates beta receptors? What additional side effects are seen with it?

A

pseudoephedrine: tachycardia, increased BP, insomnia (CNS stimulation)

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19
Q

What are the S/E of oral decongestants?

A
  • CNS stimulation
  • HTN (risk of stroke small at therapeutic dose)
  • Palpitations
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20
Q

When shouldn’t you give an oral decongestant?

A
  • pt with stroke in past

- pt with HTN

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21
Q

What is the MOA of nasal corticosteroids?

A
  • suppress inflammation of nasal passages
  • decrease intracellular edema
  • decrease nasal discharge
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22
Q

How long do you need to use nasal corticosteroids for?

A

2-3 weeks; hormones take longer to work

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23
Q

Name 7 topical nasal steroids.

A
  • fluticasone
  • beclomethasone
  • triamcinolone
  • budesonide
  • mometasone
  • ciclesonide
  • flunisolide
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24
Q

What is the common suffixes for nasal steroids?

A
  • asone
  • olone
  • onide
  • olide
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25
Q

What is the common suffix for decongestants?

A
  • zoline

- rine

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26
Q

What is the normal dose of topical nasal steroids?

A

1-2 sprays in each nostrils twice a day

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27
Q

What should you test for before giving nasal steroids?

A

nasal patency; normal saline for no potency before steroid (temporarily reduces edema)

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28
Q

What should you remind the pt about not doing for up to 10 minutes after administering a nasal steroid?

A

sneezing or blowing nose

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29
Q

what are the S/E of topical nasal steroids?

A

local:
- stinging
- HA
- nose bleeds (from dry membranes)

systemic:
- mild growth suppression in children

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30
Q

how can you reduce nose bleeds with topical nasal steroids? what should you do if one develops?

A

point drug away from septum; consider stopping medication

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31
Q

List 3 contraindications related to poor wound healing for topical nasal steroids.

A
  • ulceration of nasal septum
  • recent nose surgery
  • trauma
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32
Q

What are the functions of histamines?

A
  • involvement in immediate allergic & inflammatory rxns
  • gastric acid secretion
  • CNS: stimulates nerves for pain, itch, sleepiness, cholinergic receptors
  • H1 (vasodilation=heat, redness, inflammation)
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33
Q

What are the two type of histamine receptors? Where are they located?

A

H1: smooth muscle, endothelium, brain

H2: gastric mucosa

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34
Q

When do you use H1 blockers?

A

allergic conditions (to decrease itch and inflammatory response)

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35
Q

When do you use H2 blockers?

A

to reduce gastric acid secretions

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36
Q

what is the differences between generation 1 and 2 H1 antagonists?

A

Generation 1:

  • stronger sedative effect
  • stronger anticholinergic effect
  • better at getting into CNS

Generation 2:

  • don’t get into CNS as well
  • less sedating
  • less anticholinergic effects
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37
Q

List 10 generation 1 anti-histamines.

A
  • diphenhydramine
  • chlorpheneramine
  • brompheneramine
  • clemastine
  • azaelastine
  • meclizine
  • dimenhydrinate
  • doxepin
  • hydroxyzine
  • promethazine
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38
Q

What are other class names for generation 1 anti-histamines?

A

non-selective antihistamines or sedating antihistamines

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39
Q

what are common suffixes for generation 1 antihistamines?

A
  • zine
  • pin
  • hydrinate
  • stine
  • amine
40
Q

what are common suffixes for generation 2 antihistamines?

A
  • zine
  • adine
  • idine
  • izine
41
Q

What are other class names for generation 2 antihistamines?

A

peripherally selective (not affecting CNS) or non sedating antihistamines

42
Q

Explain the pharmacokinetic antihistamines.

A

G1&2 rapidly and well absorbed orally

widely distributed throughout body (G2 doesn’t reach CNS)

43
Q

How long do G1 and G2 drugs work for?

A

G1: 4-6 hours
G2: 12-24 hours

44
Q

Explain the pharmacodynamics of antihistamines.

A

Inhibit activation of H1 by receptors by histamine by binding receptor

easier to prevent effects than to reverse effects of histamine

have other effects on other receptors (muscarinic, alpha, serotonin) because similar in structure to other drugs

45
Q

What are the effects of anti-histamines?

A

used in allergies & inflammatory conditions to block effects of histamine release

  • sedation (mainly G1)
  • anti-nausea
  • anti-dizziness
  • anticholinergic

These can be useful or S/E (desired or no desired effects).

Do not effect everyone the same (children can get excited not sedated from G1)

46
Q

where can nausea and vomiting stimulation originate?

A
  • ear (vestibular system)

- CNS

47
Q

where can dizziness (disequilibrium) originate?

A
  • ear (vestibular system)

- many other causes

48
Q

What generation is best for reducing nausea and dizziness?

A

G1

49
Q

What cause of vomiting and nausea is treated well with anti-histamines? What is a good example of a G1 drug for nausea? vomiting?

A

vestibular dysfunction (motion sickness)

nausea: meclizine
vomiting: promethazine

50
Q

What are the anticholinergic effects of anti-histamines?

A

block muscarinic receptors and causes:

  • urinary retention
  • blurry vision
  • drying effects (decreased nasal, salivary, lacrimal gland secretions)

more common with G1s: dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, and promethazine

51
Q

What do we use H1 antagonists for?

A
  • allergic rhinitis
  • pruritis (w/ urticaria and eczema)
  • vertigo/motion sickness
52
Q

what type of allergic rxn is allergic rhinitis? what is it’s MOA? drug of choice?

A

hypersensitivity; histamine released locally in nasal passages; use antihistamines

53
Q

how do antihistamines decrease pruritus?

A

by sedation and making individual less aware of itchiness

54
Q

how do antihistamines decrease vertigo/motionsickness?

A

block effect of histamines in inner ear or CNS

55
Q

What are the S/E (toxicities) of anti-histamines?

A
  • sedation (>G1)
  • hallucinations(>G1)
  • ataxia (>G1)
  • dry mouth (M)
  • constipation (M)
  • difficulty voiding (M)
  • excitation in kids
56
Q

What are examples of topical nasal antihistamines?

A
  • azelastine (nasal)

- ketotifen (gtt)

57
Q

How often is azelastine given? what are the S/E

A

2 sprays in each nostril BID; S/E= HA, dryness, bitter taste, drowsiness; decreased effectiveness over time

58
Q

how often is ketotifen given?

A

1 ggt OU BID

59
Q

What are anti-tussive used for? how do they work?

A

decreasing cough by decreasing cough reflex in throat and brain

60
Q

When should you not use anti-tussives?

A

productive cough (unless it has advanced to inducing other negative effects - like interfering with sleep)

61
Q

Name two oral antitussives.

A

Dextromethorphan and narcotics

62
Q

what is the advantage of dextromethorphan?

A

OTC and no drowsiness

63
Q

Most common narcotic used for cough? Dose? Others?

A

1: codeine, 10mg

  • phenergan with codeine
  • robitussin AC
  • Tussionex
64
Q

How do narcotics work to suppress a cough?

A

suppress cough reflex in the throat and brain (centrally & peripherally working)

65
Q

What are the active ingredients in topical antitussives?

A
  • camphor

- menthol

66
Q

how are topical antitussives used?

A
  • rubbed on throat or chest and inhaled
  • lozengers
  • throat sprays
67
Q

what is the MOA of topical antitussives?

A

stimulate cold sensory receptors and give sensation of cooling and local anesthetic effect to decrease cough

68
Q

How do expectorants work?

A

help to bring up secretions

69
Q

what is an example of an expectorant?

A

guaifenesin (mucinex, mucinex DM, mucinex D)

70
Q

what is the MOA of expectorants?

A

stimulate secretions of respiratory tract (including throat), increasing volume of secretions

makes secretions thinner and easier to cough up

71
Q

When are expectorants used?

A

with a productive cough, they have to bring phlegm up more easily

72
Q

what should be taken with expectorants?

A

8 oz water

73
Q

S/E of expectorants?

A

Few and mild

74
Q

What is another term for expectorant?

A

mucolytics

75
Q

What is an example of a mast cell stabilizer?

A

cromolyn sodium

76
Q

how do mast cell stabilizers work?

A

stabilize mast cells so there is no degranulation or release of histamine

77
Q

what are mast cell stabilizers best used for?

A

preventing allergic rhinitis symptoms (little effect after mast cells release histamine)

78
Q

How is cromolyn sodium delivered?

A

topically; nasal spray

79
Q

ADRs and disadvantages of cromolyn sodium/mast cell stabilizers?

A
  • nasal stinging
  • sneezing
  • takes 1-2 weeks to work
  • have to take 3-4 qD
80
Q

what is the drug of choice for sneezing and rhinorrhea from pregnancy? why?

A

cromolyn sodium (mast cell stabliizer) because it is not absorbed and poses no risk to fetus

81
Q

what cholinergic blockers are used in HENT?

A

ipratropium nasal spray

82
Q

MOA of ipratropium (cholinergic blocker)?

A

antagonist to cholinergic receptors in nasal passage

inhibits secretions from serous and seromucous glands in nasal mucosa

83
Q

Indications for ipratropium?

A

runny nose

84
Q

S/E of ipratropium?

A
  • HA
  • Dry nose
  • Nose bleeds
85
Q

What are examples of leukotriene inhibitors used for HENT?

A
  • montelukast

- zarfirlukast

86
Q

what is the delivery method for leukotrienes inhibitors?

A

oral

87
Q

what is the MOA for leukotriene inhibitors?

A

leukotrienes are released in response to allergic reactions; these drugs decrease response in allergic/hypersensitivity rxns

88
Q

what are leukotriene inhibitors indicated for?

A
  • ear, nose, throat diseases
  • allergic rhinitis
  • seasonal rhinitis
89
Q

what is the first line for allergic rhinitis?

A
  • antihistamines (help with sneezing, runny nose, itching, and conjunctivitis)
  • decongestants
  • nasal corticosteroids
90
Q

What is the second line for allergic rhinitis?

A
  • ipratropium (rhinorrhea)
  • anti-tussive (dry cough)
  • expectorant (wet cough)
91
Q

what should you do if you choose a antihistamine for allergic rhinitis and it doesn’t work? what should you do if it stops working?

A

start a chemically different antihistamine

92
Q

Commercially available preparations combine different drugs (ex. decongestant + antihistamine + antitussive); is this always beneficial?

A

No, pt may not need all of these drugs, start one drug and add another group if needed

93
Q

what medications are effective for colds (URI or viral rhinitis)?

A
  • decongestands
  • antipyretics

Possibly antitussives, nasal steroids, or ipratropium

94
Q

what does not help colds (URIs or viral rhinitis) or bacterial sinusitis?

A

anti-histamines

don’t help and possible slow down improvement

95
Q

How do we treat sinusitis? what is the problem with treating sinusitis?

A

may have bacterial infection can accompany the infection

can also use:

  • nasal steroids
  • antibiotics
  • decongestants
96
Q

when is the only time antihistamines should be used with sinusitis?

A

if the pt has allergic rhinitis too

97
Q

generation 2 antihistamines?

A
  • cetirizine
  • fexofenadine
  • loratidine
  • desloratidine
  • levalcetirizine

Pharm I - Eye (5 decks)

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