Henry VIII and Wolsey 1509-29 Flashcards
1
Q
who was apart of the nobility?
social heirachy
A
lords, earls and the wider royal family
1
Q
what was the social hierarchy in 1509?
A
God
Monarch
Nobility
Gentry
Yeomen
Tenant farmers
Labouring poor
Vagrants/ vagabonds
2
Q
who were the gentry
social heirachy
A
Big land owners
3
Q
who were the yeomen
socail heirachy
A
small land owners who rented out their land to others.
4
Q
who were the tenant farmers?
social heirachy
A
they rented land from the yeomen and manged the workers on that land
5
Q
who were the labouring poor?
social heirachy
A
they rented land from tenant farmers and did most ofthe physical hard work
6
Q
who were the vagrants/ vagabonds
socail heirachy
A
people who wandered in search of a job. they were unemployed and many ahd to beg or steal to survive
7
Q
what is the divine right of kings?
A
the ideas that the king was appointed by God
8
Q
when and at what age did henry VIII gain the throne
A
henry gained the throne in 1509 at age 18
9
Q
who was arthur and when did he die?
A
arthur was Henry VII oldest son and died in 1502 meaning Henry could take over the throne
10
Q
why doesn’t the King have control over the church
A
because England was a catholic country, the pope had complete control over the church.
( the church was very powerful)
11
Q
why was henry VIII known as the Renaissance king?
5 things
A
- strong athlete
- took part in hunting,jousting,wresting,archery
- musician
- spoke many lanuages
- good dancer
12
Q
what was henrys views on the monarch and sovereignty ( supreme power of authorty)
3 things
A
- he belived in the divine right of kings and that he was appointe dby God as king
- people had a duty to obey him
- monarchy and the court were the center of life
13
Q
what did henry use to help him make decisions
A
royal council and the privy chamber
14
Q
why was Henry the VII disliked?
A
because he imposed high taxes
15
Q
what were Henry the VIII strengths when taking over the crown?
(5 things)
A
- different from his father ( popular)
- handsome - looked like a king (popular)
- team of experienced advisers ( strong)
- Catherine gave connections to Spain (strong)
- crown was not in debt + England was rich
16
Q
what were Henry the VII weaknesses?
(5 things)
A
- he was 18 so he had little experience (naive)
- his vision of kingship was based on heroic legends ( naive)
- little interest in government and gave most power to his ministers. ( disinterested)
- took part in dangerous sport - dangerous with no succession (risk taker)
- egotistical - doesn’t heed advice
17
Q
why was there increasing power in henry’s in his key advisers
A
Henry delegated power as routine tasks bored
18
Q
why did Henry the 8th want a male heir
A
to reduce the risk of a civil war after his death
19
Q
what were henry the 8th aims
8 things
A
- government where the king decides policy and his ministers carry it out
- victory in battles abroad
- win lands back from France
- create a dazzaling royal court through dress, architecture and entertainment
- enhance prestige by attracting great men to court
- effective monarch that governs well
- maintain law and order
- male heir
20
Q
when was wolsey born
A
1473
21
Q
what job did wolseys father have
A
butcher and cattle dealer
22
Q
when did wolsey become a preist and get his oxfard degree
A
1498
23
Q
in ____ wolsey became a memeber of teh royal council as the _____ ________
A
1509
royal almonder
24
what did the royal almonder do
in charge of giving money to the poor
25
when did wlsey become lord chancellor, cheif minister and cardinal
1515
26
in 1514 wolsey became the ___________ and the ___________
archbishop of york
bishop of lincon
27
when did wolsey become papal legislate
1518
28
what is papal legislate
the popes representative
29
what did wolsey becoming papal legislate mean for him
he was the most powerful and senior churchman in the country
30
what was wolsey know as because of his great power and influence
alter rex
31
what does alter rex mean
second king
32
what are some key points of wolseys personaility
- not a member of the nobility
- extremely intelligent
- ambitious
- charming and persausive - able to build relationships with the king of other country rulers
- able to carry out the kings wishes
- ruthless with whoever threated him or the government
33
how did wolsey accumulate his wealth?
- power in state and church
- many jobs
34
why was wolsey becoming Lord chancellor and cardinal important for him
it allowed him to exert influence over the king and teh church and strengthed his power
35
what were the key reasons for wolseys rise to power?
- henry didnt want to take part in teh day to day government
- royal almonder 1509
- henry disliked his father advisers
- war with france in 1512
- his personaility
36
how did henry not wanting to involve himself in the day to day goverment help wolseys rise to power?
- wolsey was left to do important but boring tasks that henry didnt want to do which increased his power
37
how did wolseys position as royal almonder allow wolsey to rise to power
it made him a memeber of the royal court which allowed him to have access to henry which gave him oppertunites to exert his influence over him
38
how did henry disliking his fathers advisers allow wolsey to rise to power
it got rid of potetntial rivals and eased wolseys path to power
39
how did the war with france in 1512 allow wosley to rise to power
- wolsey proved him worth
- organised a well equipped and well organised army
- wolsey demostrated skills that henry relied on
40
how did wolseys personaility allow him to rise to power
- his ability to flatter allowed him to exert influence over the king.
- he was a effective negotiator on henrys behalf
- his ruthlessness allowed him to ruin his rivals which got rid of any challanges.
41
what was enclosure?
usuing fences to divide land into fields that were often used for grazing sheep which allowed land owners to make money through the wool trade
42
hwo did enclosures effect tenant farmers
- reduced land avaliable for them
43
what was wolseys enclosure policy
- set up an inquiry in 1517 to investigate enclosures
- reduce its effect on ordinary people
- his work resulted in 260 court cases against land owners
44
what was the result of wolseys enclosure policy
- achieved very little as enclosures still were taking place
- angered many land owners which created enemies for him at court
45
what did wolsey want to do about the justice system as lord chancellor
- created a fairer justice system where teh rich were not above the law
46
what did wolsey to do create a fairer justice system
| 5 things
- strengthend the star chamber
- encouraged the poor to bring cases to court
- increases courts work rate
- supported cases of teh poor instead of teh rich
- oversaw cases himself
47
what was the star chamber
a royal chamber that rovided justice for the KIng
48
what was teh result of Wolseys justice system reforms
- angered many land owners who accused wolsey of victimising them
49
why was the eltham ordinances created
to tackle the mispending and bad managment of the palaces.
- wolsey complied a list of rules 79 chapters long
50
when was the eltham ordinances created
1526
51
what were some rules in the eltham ordinances
| 4 things
- privy council reduced from 12 to 6
- spedning cut back on food and servents
- laying off sick or uneeded servents
- reducing the money paid to people for expenses like food and fuel.
52
what was the result of wolsey the reforms eltham ordinances
- largely unsucessful
- wolsey lost intrest after reducing privy council as it was his main aim
53
what methods of taxation did wolsey use to raise money for henrys battles abroad
- fifteens and tenths
- crown lands
- the subsidy
- forced loans
- clerical taxation
54
why did wolsey need to raise money
for henrys battles abroad
55
what is the taxation methods fifteens and tenths
- taxes on moveable goods
- 1/15th of teh value in rural areas
- 1/10th value in urban areas
56
what were crown lands
- wolsey recovered land from nobility increasing incoem to government
- raised 15000 in 1515 alone
57
what was the subsidy
- tax on income
- the more you earn teh more you pay
58
what were forced loans
wolsey forced major landowners to give money to teh government in 1522 and in 1523
59
what was clerical taxation
a voluntay gift made by the church t the king
60
when was the amicable grant created
1525
61
What was the Amicable Grant?
The Amicable Grant was a tax levied on the king's subjects in 1525 to pay for an invasion of France.
62
Why was the Amicable Grant introduced?
It was introduced to help pay for an invasion of France and to recover lands lost by the Crown in the 15th century.
63
Why was the Amicable Grant controversial?
It had not been approved by parliament and was being collected by Royal Decree.
64
What were the tax rates of the Amicable Grant?
It was a tax of a third on the property of priests and of a sixth on the property of ordinary people.
65
What was the time frame for paying the Amicable Grant?
People only had 10 weeks to pay the tax.
66
What were the public reactions to the Amicable Grant?
Many people resented the demand and could not afford to pay it, leading to a risk of refusal to pay and the possibility of rebellion against the king.
67
what were the short term consequences on the amicable Grant
- people refused to pay the tax claiming they had no money
-in Laveham Suffolk a rebellion broke out of 10000 men saying their loyal to the king but they were angered at having to pay the tax
- the tax was abandoned
- Henry postponed the french campaign and made peace with France
68
what were the long term consequences of the Amicable Grant
-Wolsey was humiliated + his reputation was damaged - her had to take responsibility for the failure of the tax
- Wolsey was unable to raise any taxes while he was the kings first minister
- Henry began to doubt Wolsey
- the position of Wolsey enemies in the royal court strengthened
69
how was England position in Europe helped by France and Spain rivalry
Charles V was a potential ally in war with France while Francis I would be a ally if there was conflict with pain.
however if they mad peace then England would be isolated and vulnerable
70
what was the Habsburg empire
Spain and the holy roman empire (both controlled by Charles V)
71
what was Wolseys aims abroad?
- create better relationships with France and the Hapsburg empire
- to make Europe two biggest powers have large rivalry
- to allow Henry to have military glory to enhance his reputation and prestige but making sure that wars were not to expensive
- to allow Henry to be seen as a major peace maker- enhance his prestige without the expense of war
72
what were Wolsey foreign policy successes and when were they
- battle of spurs in 1514
- treaty of London 1518
- field of the cloth of gold 1520
73
what was the battle of spurs and when was it
1514
the final battle in the first french war that ultimately gave victory to Henry
74
what was the treaty of London and when was it
1518
- non aggressive foreign policy by not attack each other - if one power went to war they would be at risk of other countries coming ti the aid of that country being attacked.
75
what were the success of the treaty of London
- diplomatic triumph for Wolsey as he initiated it
- signed by 20 European leaders
- brought presage to Henry
- placed Henry and Wolsey at the centre of European politics
76
what time period was Wolsey foreign policy successes
1514-1522
77
what time period was Wolsey foreign policy failures
1522-1529
78
why was the french and Spanish war in 1521 bad for England
in 1518 Wolsey initiated the treaty of London which was meant to stop war and by the two countries not listening to it it made England look weak
(so Henry decides to take sides with Charles to not look weak and in hope to get land back from France)
79
when was the treaty of Bruges
1521
80
what did Henry announce at the treaty of bruges
that he was declaring war in france based on the idea that Charles would help Henry and send troops
81
why was the war with France in 1522-25 a fail
-10000 men sent to france to invade from england - expensive
- Charles did not send any troops to help
- expensive failure
82
what happened after the battle of pavia in 1525
- Charles had taken over Francis army
- England thought they would split land between them
- but Charles was not interested in splitting land as he had no desire to make Henry more powerful and he just wanted control in Italy so Charles released Francis
83
why did the alliance with France to fight Charles V in 1525-1529 fail
- french were again defeated by Charles and received little help from England which damaged England reputation as an ally
84
what was the treaty of cambrai and why was its failure
- 1529 France negotiated peace with Charles V - treaty of cambrai
- left England vulnerable and diplomatically vulnerablem
85
when did Henry marry cathrine of aragon
1509
86
what are the reasons why Catherine and Henry marriage was a success
- Henry was loving husband
- Catherine was charitable so a popular queen
- Catherine was supportive
- she acted as a regent when Henry fighting France between 1512-14
- strengthened relationship with Spain
87
what are the reasons why Catherine and Henry marriage was a failure
- Catherine pregnant 6 times but only one child princess Mary, henry needed a male heir
- lack of male heir reflected badly on his manhood suggesting he was incapable of producing a male heir
- threatened the succession - made others from inside and outside kingdom consider claiming the throne
88
why did henry want to end the marriage with catherine
- he blamed her for not giving him a son as he had a son with his mistress so it couldn't be his fault
- Henry had lost interest in Catherine
- by marrying his dead brothers wife, Henry thought God was punishing him by not giving him a male heir.
89
what is the meaning of annulment
a legal term saying taht the marriage was never vaild and had never existed
90
what was the only was henry could end him marriage with catherine
- through a annulment leading to a divorce
91
what were the problems with getting a annulment to end Catherine and Henry marriage
- only the pope could approve the annulment
- the annulment would upset king Charles - Catherine was his aunt
- Catherine would resist the annulment as it would mean she would be no more than the kings mistress.
92
why was Wolsey confident he could get the annulement
- the pope was an ally of king Henry
- the pope had given annulments before (to his sister Margret)
- Wolsey was cardinal and papal legislate meaning he had power
93
why was pope clement reluctant to grant the annulment
- Charles V troops were close to Rome so he didn't want to upset Charles as the annulment is with his aunt.
- the previous pope granted the marriage so it would make the catholic church look bad as he would be saying that the last pope was wrong.
94
why was Wolsey decision to rule the case on with cardinal campeggio a fail
because the pope instructed campeggio to drag out the proceedings
95
when was the annulement adjourned
in 1529
96
what did Henry say to Catherine to try and persuade her to renounce her marriage?
- Henry told her to become a Nun
- Henry threatened to exclude Mary their daughter from the succession
- Henry threatens that he would not allow Catherine to see their daughter
97
what were the reasons for wolseys fall from power
- the amicable grant
- wolseys reforms
- foreign policy
- annulment
- the boleyns
98
why did the amicable grant lead to wolseys fall from power
- damaged his reputation as it led to a rebellion and the failure of collecting the tax
- henry was forced to distance himself from wolseys actions which undermined his powers
99
why did wolseys reforms lead to wolseys fall from power
- he reforms had made him eneimes at court so people were more than happy to conspire with the bolyens to undermien wolsey
- his reforms also achieved very little
100
why did the annulment lead to Wolsey fall from power
- the failed annulment angered Henry and he become increasingly impatient with him and Henry believed eh was working with the pope to prevent the annulment from happening
101
how did wolseys foreign policy lead to his fall from power
Wolsey failure to build and alliance, and the treaty of cambrai was created which left England isolated and vulnerable.
this made henry less confident in wolseys skills as a diplomat
102
how did the boleyn family lead to wolseys fall from power
Ann bolyens father and brother had increasing power at court due to henrys admiration fro anne.
- because wolsey failed annulment it led to them plotting against him by saing he was siding with the pope.
103
when was wolsey stripped from his powers
1529
104
where was wolsey exiled to
York
105
what was wolsey arrested for
charges of praemunire
106
when was wolsey arrested
1530
107
when did wolsey die
1530 in the way to London for his trial
108
why was wolsey able to remain in power for long
- he was able to ensure that other courtiers had little influence over the king.
