Henry VIII

Question 1

Who/what were the key influences in Henry VIII’s time as king?

Answer 1

Anne Boleyn
Cranmer
Cromwell
Reformist vs conservative faction

Question 2

Who were the key influences on Edward?

Answer 2

Somerset
Northumberland
John Hooper and European reformers
Cranmer

Question 3

Who were the key influences on Mary?

Answer 3

Bishop Gardiner
Cardinal Pole
Bishop Bonner
Philip/Spain

Question 4

Who were the key influences on Elizabeth?

Answer 4

Cecil
Archbishop Parker
Archbishop Grindal
Archbishop Whitgift

Question 5

How was the Break with Rome enacted?

Answer 5

Thourgh Parliamentary Legislation in Reformation Parliament 1532-1534

Question 6

What were all the parliamentary legislations passed by Parliament under Henry VIII regarding the reformation?

Answer 6

Act in Restraint of Annates
Act of Succession
Submission of the Clergy
Supplication of the Ordinaries
Act of Supremacy and Treason Act

Question 7

What were the 10 Articles 1536?

Answer 7

Removes 4 of 7 sacraments, attacks ceremonial practices in religion and raises question marks about Trans-substantiation (this was created by a convocation which Henry called in 1536 and was based on the Bishops Book - heavily influenced by Cranmer)

Question 8

What was the Act of Six Articles 1539?

Answer 8

This was a reversal of policy- established a catholic-looking Church by restoring sacraments and Trans-substantiation and limits access to the English bible (also known as whip with six strings due to consequences of this- priests no longer allowed their wives etc.)

Question 9

What were the obstacles to the initial Reformation under Henry VIII?

Answer 9

Something like this had never been done before so the question about how to break with Rome was critical.
Henry must establish justification for the change- hence the use of scholars to establish that as an “empire” England had the legal right to control doctrine.
The use of Parliament to cut the ties with Rome was a new concept and created the idea that the monarchs will enacted by statute was now more powerful than Royal Proclamation alone.

Question 10

What were the causes of opposition to the Reformation under Henry VIII?

Answer 10

Some people opposed on purely religious grounds.
Others resisted the concept of the monarch as the head of the church.
There was a distinct element of opposition against the dissolution- particularly in the North.
Some opposed due to the destruction of local traditions,- such as feats and Holy Days.
Some feared new taxes-Pilgrimage of Grace- at least initially was sparked over rumours of new Church tax.
Some opposed the divorce- either because they dislike Anne or loved Catherine.

Question 11

What were Cromwell’s Injunctions 1536?

Answer 11

These ordered clergy to defend the Royal Supremacy, abandon pilgrimages and give money for educational purposes to teach children the Lord’s Prayer and other scripture.

Question 12

What were Cromwell’s Second Injunctions 1538?

Answer 12

Ordered that the English Bible be places in parishes within two years, again actively discouraged pilgrimages and relics were to be removed.

Question 13

How was propaganda used by Henry VIII’s during the enforcement of Reformation?

Answer 13

The government undertook an intensive propaganda campaign using the printing press. Much of it written in a really understandable way. An example is a pamphlet called “The Glass of Truth” in which Henry (partly in his own writing) gave a short explanation of the Levitcus law which required him to seek the annulment.

Question 14

How many people were executed using the Treason Laws under Henry VIII’s enforcement of the Reformation?

Answer 14

308

Question 15

How many nobles were executed during the Enforcement of the Reformation by Henry VIII because of the treason laws?

Answer 15

20

Question 16

How was the pulpit used during Henry VIII’s enforcement of the Reformation?

Answer 16

Used as a platform for promoting the official doctrine. Cromwell introduced a national scheme for licensing preachers and in 1536 ordered that Bishops take action against clergy who weren’t conforming.

Question 17

What was the Trial and Execution of John Lambert 1538 during Henry VIII’s reversal of the Reformation in the 1540’s?

Answer 17

Lambert rejected transubstantiation and his execution for this displays that Henry was definitely establishing a Catholic doctrine by this point.

Question 18

How was there an open challenge to Henry VIII during the Reformation?

Answer 18

A few brave individuals dared challenge the monarch (eg More and Fisher) while others opposed from abroad (Pole).
The Pilgrimage of Grace was sthe biggest open expression of dissatisfaction.

Question 19

How was there private opposition to Henry VIII during the Reformation?

Answer 19

Some opposed behind closed doors but continuing to remain loyal to Catholicism. Research has indicated that most of the traditional habits of the 1520’s continued into the 1540’s and swift re-emergence of Catholicism in the 1550’s displays local loyalty to the old faith.

Question 20

How was there a refusal to act during the Reformation of Henry VIII by the churches?

Answer 20

Six months after the injunctions up to 80% of churches in Lincolnshire had not bough English Bibles- however a Proclamation and a threat of a £2 fine encouraged them to act and by 1545 most Churches had one.

Question 21

What were the reasons for the lack of opposition against Henry VIII’s Reformation?

Answer 21

Fear- mainly caused by the Treason Law
Many anticipated that these changes would not last.
Some (such as the gentry) were motivated by self-interest- since they were able to buy up Church lands.
Some simply welcomed Protestantism.
Some simply did not notice the changes.
For some, they reserved opposition as they did not know what the end result would be.