Henry VIII

Question 1

What was the Act in Restraints of Appeals and when was it passed?

Answer 1

• The Act prevented any appeals to any body outside of England (The Pope) on a list of issues listed in the Act, mainly religious issues for example divorce.
• 1533

Question 2

What was the Act in Restraint of Annates?

When was this passed?

Answer 2

-This stopped direct payments to Rome through a series of statutes issued between 1534 and 1536.

Question 3

What was the name of the Act which moved powers of the pope to that of England?

Who were the powers given to?

Answer 3

-The name of the Act was the Dispensation Act and it gave the Archbishop of Canterbury (Thomas Cranmer) the power of dispensation and exemption.

Question 4

What was the name of the Act which ended the pope’s role in appointing churchmen?

Answer 4

-Act of Submission of the Clergy

Question 5

What was the Act of Supremacy and when was it passed?

Answer 5

-Passed in 1534 it granted Henry the title of head of the English Church, Cranmer was granted the position of vicegerent (deputy) of church affairs.

Question 6

What are some examples of doctrinal changes from 1536-39?

When were these passed?

Answer 6

• Act of the dissolution of the Smaller Monasteries 1536
• Act of Ten Articles (rejected 4/7 catholic beliefs, upheld only 3 baptism, Eucharist and penance)
• Royal Injunctions of 1537, attacked catholic pilgrimages

Question 7

What was the Bishop’s Book? When was it introduced?

Alongside it what was also published?

Answer 7

• Bishops Book; reduced the importance of Priests, mass and purgatory.
• Matthew’s Bible was also published which was a protestant version of the Bible.

Question 8

What was the difference between the Royal Injunctions in 1536 and in 1538?

Answer 8

• In 1536 the Royal Injunctions attacked the Catholic practise of pilgrimage.
• In 1538 the Royal Injunctions ordered an English Bible to be present in all English Parishes within 2 years.

Question 9

When was the Great Bible published?

Answer 9

-The Great Bible was published in 1539.

Question 10

When was the dissolution of the greater monasteries?

Answer 10

-Began in 1539.

Question 11

What evidence was there that traditional practises were being upheld?

What Act was introduced?

Answer 11

• John Lambert was executed for rejecting transubstantiation, which was a catholic belief. Executed in 1538.
• the 1539 Act of Six Articles confirmed transubstantiation.

Question 12

What is the evidence for a swing to more traditional catholic views in the period 1539 and 1543?

Answer 12

• Cromwell, a committed protestant was executed in 1540.
• Henry’s marriage to the catholic Catherine Howard.
• Very much presented with the Act of Six Articles, attacked some reformed beliefs and confirmed traditional practises.
• Act of Advancement of True Religion (1543)
• Publication of the King’s Book (1543)

Question 13

1) What was the Act for the Advancement of True Religion? When was it published?
2) What came with the publication of the King’s Book? When was it published?

Answer 13

• 1) Restricted access to the Bible to the upper class. Passed in 1543
• 2)The King’s Book defended transubstantiation.

Question 14

How could it be argued that the Act for the Advancement for True Religion did not fully uphold Catholic beliefs?

What can be said about the King’s Book?

Answer 14

• It still allowed an English Bible.

- The King’s Book encouraged the reformed belief in preaching and attacking images.

Question 15

What was the English Litany and over what period was it introduced?

How was it not a complete move away from catholicism?

Answer 15

• Introduced between 1544-47.
• Replaced the use of the Latin Litany.
• However was not a complete move away from catholic beliefs as Priests were not forced to use it.

Question 16

What was an example of an attack on purgatory?

When was this Act passed?

Answer 16

-The Chantries Act was passed in 1544 and was an attack on purgatory as this was where catholic masses were held for the souls of the dead.

Question 17

Who was burnt in 1546 for not accepting transubstantiation?

Answer 17

-Anne Askew

Question 18

What was the name of Edward VI’s tutor?

Was he catholic or protestant?

Answer 18

-His name was John Cheke and he was protestant.

Question 19

What could it be argued that religious fluctuations represented under Henry VIII?

What was the reality?

Answer 19

• Been argued that fluctuations were down to Henry wanted to maintain religious balance in his council and prevent one faction from dominating.
• In reality reformists groups dominated the Regency Council mainly due to the use of the dry stamp which ultimately allowed the Protestant Reformation which occurred following Henry’s death under Edward VI.

Question 20

What percent of London was protestant by 1547?

Answer 20

20% were believed to be protestant.

-The further North you went from London the fewer Protestants that would be found.

Question 21

What are the arguments that the attacks on traditional values had an impact?

Answer 21

• Number coming forward for ordination reduced significantly
• Less church building or money being left behind to local parishes than had been the case in 1529.
• Translation of the bible into English meant that things would never be the same due to its availability.
• Confidence in the church had declined and would be hard to restore.

Question 22

1) What was the criteria for monastery dissolution in the Act for dissolution of the smaller monasteries 1536?
2) What Act dissolved the rest of the monasteries? when was it?
3) (Challenge question)- What was the last monastery to be dissolved?

Answer 22

1) -Monasteries earning under £200 a year were dissolved.
2) -1539 the Act for the Dissolution of the larger monasteries was passed and closed all remaining monasteries.
3) The last monastery to be closed wsa Waltham Abbey, which was closed in March 1540.

Question 23

What census looked into the Church’s wealth? When?

What alongside this did Cromwell do to do with the church?

Answer 23

• Valor Ecclesiasticus was a census carried out in 1535.

- At the same time Cromwell sent out inspectors to look at standard and behaviour in the monasteries.

Question 24

What was concluded from the Valor Ecclesiasticus and inspections of the church?

What was the difference between large and small monasteries?

Answer 24

• It was concluded that spiritually the churches were in bad condition.
• However it was found the condition of the smaller monasteries were in worst condition as they had ‘decayed’, larger monasteries were praised.

Question 25

Why did many monasteries dissolve voluntarily?

How did this influence decisions made by MPs?

Answer 25

• They were did so voluntarily as abbots were presented with larger pensions and were promised that wealth from churches would be used to establish colleges and other social benefits.
• When MPs were voting on the second dissolution Act they may have done so in the thought that funds would be transferred to others users and not the crown.

Question 26

1) How many religious houses were dissolved?
2) By what did crown income increase by?
3) What was the resale value of monastic land?

Answer 26

1) -500 religious houses were dissolved.
2) -Crown income doubled.
3) -Resale value of monastic land was thought to be £1.3m

Question 27

What was Henry’s main reason for dissolving the monasteries?

Answer 27

-Wealth was the main reason. Cromwell had promised to make Henry the ‘richest prince in christendom’.

Question 28

why did Henry need money from 1529?

Answer 28

• He had already spent his inheritance on war
• Threat of invasion from a Catholic crusade, especially as Henry was excommunicated and Francis I and Charles V had signed a peace treaty in 1538.

Question 29

What was the income of larger monasteries and where was this money often used?

Answer 29

-Income average was over £1000 and this money was often used to build fortification on the south coast.

Question 30

How could Henry use land acquired from the closing of monasteries to his advantage?

Answer 30

-He could use land acquired as patronage to gain support of catholics, such as the Duke of Norfolk.

Question 31

What were Cromwell’s motives when it came to dissolution?

Where had monasteries previously already been dissolved?

Answer 31

-His motives were rooted religiously.
Monasteries were seen as upholders of tradition with support for purgatory.

• Protestants, such as Cromwell, do not believe in the value of monasteries.
• Already been dissolved in Germany and Scandinavia, thinkers such as Erasmus also deeply criticised them.

Question 32

What act did Monasteries go against?

Answer 32

-Went against the Act in Restraints of Appeals as monasteries owed their allegiance to the Pope.