Henry VII's foreign policy

Question 1

What was Henry’s aims surrounding foreign policy given that he was a usurper?

Answer 1

Internal security
Secure from foreign threats
foreign recognition

Question 2

What two allied countries were the biggest threat to England?

Answer 2

Scotland and France due to the Auld Alliance

Question 3

How did Henry gain an alliance with Spain?

Answer 3

Medina Del Campo in 1489 which was a marriage treaty between Catherine of Aragon and Arthur

Question 4

Why was Henry keen to avoid war?

Answer 4

He had a weak financial position

Question 5

What did war in France lead to in 1492?

Answer 5

Signing of the treaty of Étaples

Question 6

What was the main foreign economic policy Henry was concerned with?

Answer 6

The cloth trade with burgundy as it was Henry’s main export

Question 7

How was trade secondary to security?

Answer 7

The cloth trade was suspended following Henry’s trade embargo in 1493

Question 8

What was the Brittany affair?

Answer 8

Henry agreed to send 6000 soldiers to Brittany however Anne (ruler of Brittany) accepted defeat due to HRE Maximilian making peace with France

Question 9

How did France take Brittany?

Answer 9

Charles VIII of France married Anne of Brittany

Question 10

Why was France owning Brittany dangerous to Henry?

Answer 10

increased French threat as France had control of the channel coast line

Question 11

When did Henry start a war with France?

Answer 11

October 1492

Question 12

What happened to Henry’s attack on France in 1492?

Answer 12

France were more concerned with Italy resulting in them offering the Treaty of Etaples

Question 13

Name three features of the Treaty of Etaples

Answer 13

France wont aid English rebels (especially Warbeck)
France would pay for Henry’s expenses in the Brittany affair
Henry would get a French pension of £5000 per year

Question 14

What was the league of Venice in 1495?

Answer 14

Was established to drive France out of Italy but England only joined when it became the Holy League in 1496

Question 15

What was different about England in regards to the Holy League?

Answer 15

England was not committed to go to war against France and could stay neutral

Question 16

How did James IV use Warbeck?

Answer 16

Warbeck was married to James’ cousin and given military aid in order to assert himself against England

Question 17

How did Scotland fail in invading England?

Answer 17

Warbeck’s invasion was a complete failure leading to his departure in 1497 and eventual execution in 1499

Question 18

What did Warbeck’s failure in 1497 lead to?

Answer 18

Truce of Ayton

Question 19

Name two terms of the Truce of Ayton

Answer 19

Henry married his eldest daughter to James IV
It Later became a seven year peace treaty

Question 20

What were the successes of the truce of Ayton?

Answer 20

Recognition and no all out war for Henry
The first peace agreement between England and Scotland since 1328

Question 21

Why was Spain of great interest to Henry?

Answer 21

They became the new great power in Europe following the unity of Aragon and Castile

Question 22

How did Henry gain unity with Spain?

Answer 22

Through the Medina del campo which married Ferdinand’s daughter to Arthur (Henry’s son)

Question 23

When was the medina del campo?

Answer 23

1489

Question 24

Name three terms of the medina del campo

Answer 24

Arthur and Catherine were to marry
English goods were not taxed in Spain
Each would help one another against France

Question 25

What was the issue with Burgundy?

Answer 25

It was a safe place for Yorkist threats due to Margret of Burgundy

Question 26

What did the Magnus intercursus do?

Answer 26

Ended the 1493 trade Embargo with burgundy in 1496

Question 27

What happened to Phillip of Burgundy in 1506?

Answer 27

He took shelter from a storm in England and Henry used this to gain the Malus Intercursus

Question 28

What did the Malus intercursus do in 1506?

Answer 28

Burgundy handed over the Earl of Suffolk who was the final Yorkist threat

Question 29

Why were marriage treaties like the medina del campo important to Henry?

Answer 29

Recognition of England and the Tudors as rightful kings

Question 30

What were some issues with the Medina Del campo?

Answer 30

The marriage was signed 7 years after
Catherine didn’t arrive in England until 1501 due to the threat of Warbeck

Question 31

Why did the marriage between Arthur and Catherine fail?

Answer 31

Arthur died five months after the marriage and Ferdinand was angered by Henry marrying her to his other son

Question 32

When did the truce of Ayton become the peace of Ayton?

Answer 32

1499

Question 33

How did the peace of Ayton use marriage to gain peace?

Answer 33

Henry’s eldest daughter Margaret was married to James IV of Scotland

Question 34

When did Henry’s wife Elizabeth die?

Answer 34

1503

Question 35

What did Henry consider after Elizabeth’s death?

Answer 35

re-marriage to Joana of Naples, Joana of Castile or Margaret of Savoy

Question 36

Was Henry successful in re-marrying?

Answer 36

No due to Ferdinand partnering with France and Margret of Savoy wanting to remain a widow

Question 37

When was the Magnus intercursus and what did it end?

Answer 37

1496 and ended the trade embargo on burgundy in 1493

Question 38

When was the Malus intercursus?

Answer 38

1506

Question 39

Name two features of the Malus intercursus

Answer 39

Trade with burgundy was to be free
Phillip could not put duties on English goods

Question 40

Did the Malus intercursus work?

Answer 40

No because the terms were too favourable to the English resulting in Henry removing it in 1507 as to not annoy Phillip

Question 41

Name a trade clause of the Medina Del Campo?

Answer 41

Duties for both countries were fixed at a low rate