Henry VII main events Flashcards
Background events leading up to the Battle of Bosworth 22nd of Aug 1485
Henry and Jasper Tudor fled to Brittany after Edward IV (Yorkist) came to the throne
Duke Francis of Brittany took them in
both in exile for 14 years
Edward IV died and his son Edward V was named heir however Edward IV younger brother (Richard) placed both his nephews Edward V and Richard into the tower and crowned himself as king (Richard III)
Margaret Beaufort agreed with Elizabeth Woodville that Henry would come out of exile and claim the throne then marry Elizabeth of York (Oldest daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville)
Events at the Battle of Bosworth 22nd of August 1485
Henry landed Milford Haven and his forces marched through Wales into North-West England and gained support from his stepfather Lord Stanley
As the battle began Richard III realised his forces were much smaller than Henrys
The powerful Stanley brothers intervened with there forces and killed Richard III winning the battle for Henry
How did Henry VII win the Battle of Bosworth
Richard became disliked since he killed his two nephews in order to gain the throne
Richard was a usurper
The Stanleys favoured Henry VII
Henrys forces were much larger than Richards forces
How did Henry VII secure his position on the throne
Declared his reign started on the 21st of August (1 day before the battle). This proves he was granted his position on the throne by God (divine right of kings) and shows the people in England he is the rightful king. (gives him support).
Married Elizabeth of York in 1486 and applied for papal dispensation (since they were distant cousins). This marriage united the houses of Lancaster and York and prevented a Yorkist rebellion.
Went on a royal progress in 1486 which showed everyone that he was the new dedicated king of England
Kept experienced churchmen who served under Yorkist government within his kings counsel. This maintained continuity from monarch to monarch and Henry needed help from experienced advisors as he was politically inexperienced (he was in exile for 14 years)
Henry created the Tudor Rose which was a combination of the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancashire. This unification signified the end of the Wars of the Roses.
What was the Lovel and Stafford rising in 1486?
Whilst Henry was on his royal progress (showing himself to people to gain support from people) around England.
As Henry travelled north Lord Lovel and the Stafford brothers (supporters of Richard III) who had been in sanctuary since Bosworth broke out
Lovel headed North to ambush the king and the Stafford brothers travelled west to create a rebellion
Henry heard about this but continued the progress but sent an armed force to offer the rebels a choice of pardon or they can fight and if they loose they die
Lovel fled to Flanders (France) and the Stafford’s sought to sanctuary again
Henry thought this was unfair so forcibly removed the Stafford’s from sanctuary, arrested them and sent them to the tower
Why was the Lovel and Stafford rising successful for Henry VII?
Showed Henry’s authority as king
Henry gained support from English people
Showed Henry was fit to be the King
Queen Elizabeth of York gave birth to an heir (Arthur) which secured Henrys Tudor dynasty
Who was Lambert Simnel and why was he a threat to Henry VII 1486-7
Priest Richard Symonds (a committed Yorkist priest who resented Henrys position on the throne) passed Lambert Simnel as the Earl of Warwick (one of the princes in the tower)
Symonds took Simnel to Ireland (centre of Yorkist support) to gain support for his claim which he did
Pretender gained support from the Earl of Kildare and Edward IV sister Margaret of Burgundy
Margaret sent money and a force of 2000 German mercenaries to Ireland
Simnel was crowned King Edward VI in Dublin in 1487
However in 1487 Henry was made aware of this and exhibited the real Earl of Warwick around London to prove Simnel was a pretender
Earl of Lincoln (John De La Pole) joined Lovel in Flanders then accompanied Lovel and Schwartz to Ireland
Events at the Battle of Stoke1487
Lincoln and his army landed in Lancashire and marched south in hopes to gain support. Lincoln received less support than anticipated and only had 8,000 men.
The king had a royal army of 12,000 men.
The Yorkists were defeated and Lincoln, Schwartz and Kildare’s younger brother died along with half of their army.
Richard Symonds and Simnel were captured (Symonds imprisoned and Simnel worked in the royal kitchen).
Other nobles that fought at stoke were attainted (guilty of treason) and there land was confiscated
Positives of winning the battle:
Since Henry VII had won another battle it showed the people he was the rightful king (religious meanings)
Got rid of his opposition to the throne (Simnel and John De La Pole)
Events of the Yorkshire Rebellion 1489
(why it happened, during and how it was resolved)
why it happened:
Henry planned to help Brittany keep its independence so Parliament granted him a £100,000 subsidy to pay for it
The money would be raised by taxation caused widespread resentment since it was raised as income tax
Henry only received £27,000 of the total grant
Tax resented in Yorkshire due to
A bad harvest they had the previous summer
Northern counties being exempt from this tax as they were expected to use there money to defend the country from the Scots
Lancastrian monarch had overthrown a Yorkist one
Events during the rebellion:
Earl of Northumberland raised case to the king but Henry refused to negotiate with him
When the Northumberland returned with the news the rebels murdered him
Earl of Surrey defeated Yorkist rebel outside of York (they went to prison)
How it was resolved:
King travelled North to reconcile with rebels and issue them pardons in order to be able to collect more of the tax however no more was raised
Henry appointed the Earl of Surrey as lieutenant in York and Henry faced no more problems in the north
Brittany and the Treaty of Redon 1489?
Henry needed to find allies to deter the French from going to war
Henry gained support from Maximilian (Holy Roman Emperor) and Ferdinand of Spain
Treaty made with Brittany at Redon in 1489 and it was agree that the Bretons would pay the cost of 6,000 men Henry would send to them to stop the French absorbing Brittany
However Henry was let down by his allies since Maximilian was unreliable and Spain only sent a force of 2,000
In 1491 the Bretons accepted defeat and the duchess Anne (of Brittany) married the French King (Charles) ending Brittany’s independence
Spain and the Treaty of Medina Del Campo 1489?
An alliance negotiated with Spain which organised the marriage of Henrys son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon
Ferdinand agreed to this marriage and promised to harbour no English rebels
This marriage agreement showed that England had been viewed as equal by a powerful royal families in Europe securing Henrys position on the throne
Who was Perkin Warbeck and why was he a threat to Henry VII 1491-9
(Warbeck in France, Burgundy, Holy Roma Empire, Scotland, Ireland and England)
17 year old from France (Tournai) who claimed to be Richard Duke of York
France-
Charles VIII welcomed Warbeck to the French court in 1492
100 English Yorkists had joined Warbeck in Paris
Treaty of Etaples meant Charles could not harbour any English rebels so he had to find a new refuge
Burgundy-
Warbeck fled to Flanders where he was accepted by Margaret of Burgundy as her nephew
Supporting Warbeck’s claim was her best chance at removing Henry from the throne
Henry cut of cloth trade temporarily with Burgundy due to this support
Holy Roman Empire-
Warbeck gained support from Maximilian who believed him to be Richard IV
However Maximilian did not have to finances or resources to support an English invasion
Scotland-
Warbeck headed to Scotland for refuge after a failed invasion attempt
Gained support and refuge from James IV and James IV gave Warbeck his cousin in waiting and an annual pension of £1,200
Scottish invasion failed as Warbeck received no support
Henry offered James IV his eldest daughter (Margaret) in marriage and in 1497 a 7 year truce was agreed on (treaty of Ayton) with England and Scotland.
Ireland-
Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1497 in hopes to regain support (failed)
Kildare was actually loyal to Henry so Warbeck set sail to south-west England as a last resort for support
England-
Warbeck went to rebellious areas in England to gain support but was unsuccessful (few thousand people joined him then abandoned him)
Warbeck fled into sanctuary but was persuaded to give himself up and make a full confession
Warbeck escaped twice and on the second capture was charged with escaping again and consequently hung in 1499.
France and the Treaty of Etaples 1492
Henry lost Brittany to France so he sent commissioners to collect a forced loan
Henry spent a year organising an invasion of France and had a force of 26,000 men cross the channel in 1492
Charles VIII was trying to conquer Italy so did not want to have to deal with Henry so he offered peace 9 days after the English men crossed into France
Treaty of Etaples stated-
France would no longer harbour English rebels
French pension would be set up (pay Henry the cost of intervening with Brittany)
745,000 crowns to be paid at 50,000 a year (5% of the kings annual income)
The Holy League and Magnus Intercursus 1496
Charles VIII had successfully conquered Italy
European rulers feared France was becoming too powerful so in 1495 the Pope, Ferdinand, Maximilian, Venice and Milan formed the League of Venice (to drive Charles out of Italy)
In 1496 Henry and Ferdinand made further agreements about the marriage of CoA and Arthur
Ferdinand also secured England a place in the League of Venice (now called the Holy League)
Henry joined on the condition that England was not bound to go to war against France
Whilst in the Holy League Henry also made a commercial treaty with France and still maintained good relations with the League
Henry also agreed on the Magnus Intercursus which resumed trading relations with England and Burgundy
Scotland and the Truce if Ayton 1497
James IV lost faith in Warbeck so decided to negotiate peace with England
The treaty concluded that James IV would marry Margaret (Henrys eldest daughter)
Cornwall Rebellion 1497
(causes, main event and outcome)
Cause-
Heavy tax was put in place to defend England from an expected attack from the Scottish king James IV and Perkin Warbeck
Cornish refused to contribute to the defence of the northern England
Event-
Rebels marched through counties to gain support and by the time they reached the outskirts of London they had 15,000 rebels
Rebels confronted by royal army and about 1,000 rebels died and the rest fled
Outcome-
Two leaders of rebellion were executed
Worrying that rebels were able to get so close to London without being stopped
Henry had been to focused on the Scots and Warbeck
