Henry vii : 3 Foreign policy

Question 1

key issues that foreign policy needed to sort?

Answer 1

• englands relationships with foreign powers were closely tied to developments in europe,particularly the case concerning marriage
• FP initially dicatated by issues relevant to henrys succession (priority of gaining acceptance by other monarchs) and his lack of money
• 1485-1492 Series of truces with France (85),Scotland(86) and Hapsburg empire (87) - advantages seen of building alliance with Spain too
• later focus on trade,dynastic expansion and his own succession

Question 2

foreign policy main aims?

Answer 2

• national security
• recognition of tudor dynasty
• defense of english trading interests

Question 3

france ?

Answer 3

-strongest and most powerful
-ruled by Charles III
-annexed Brittany,Burgundy and NAvare
-involved in various conflicts

Question 4

spain?

Answer 4

-ruled by ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille
- wanted to drive moors (muslims) out
- wanted to retake Cerdgare and Roussillon (from France)

Question 5

holy roman empire ?

Answer 5

• loose federation of German,Italian and French speaking countries
• stretched over much of central Europe - 20 million inhabitants
• emperor Fredrick the Maximilian
• strong and more powerful by marriage of Maximilian with Margaret of Burgundy

Question 6

Burgundy ?

Answer 6

• passed to the Hapsburg in 1477
• focus of the Valois conflicts

Question 7

Italy and the Papal states ?

Answer 7

• focus of wealth and trade
• the big prize - geographically and commercially at the cross roads of Europe
• was experiencing a cultural revolution,the renaissance

Question 8

what was the Breton Crisis ?

Answer 8

France wanted to gain power by taking Brittany (largest remaining semi-independent duchy)
which scared Europe as this would significantly enhance the power and strategic capabilities of an already mighty country

Question 9

who was involved in the Breton crisis ?

Answer 9

Ferdinand of Spain and Maximilian both attempted to intervene to prevent the French taking control

Question 10

why did the Breton crisis happen?

Answer 10

The duke of Brittany,Francis II was too old to secure the independence of the duchy and had no male heirs so French could easily capture and rule again (gain territory)

Question 11

how did Henry respond to the Breton crisis ?

Answer 11

allowed unofficial intervention by English soldiers and issued an apology to France,this was good as Henry couldn’t be blamed which stopped war happening

Question 12

when did the French first send troops into Brittany ?

Answer 12

1487 - in response Maximilian and Ferdinand also sent troops into Brittany to prevent a French takeover

Question 13

why was Henry initially hesitant to send troops ?

Answer 13

a war with France would have had a great strain on finances and didnt want to annoy France when pretenders were active but felt he owed Brittany a great gratitude for sheltering him from the Yorkists

Question 14

what was the treaty of Redon?

Answer 14

feb 1489, Henry agreed yo send 6000 troops but only sent 3000

Question 15

what happened after the treaty of Redon ?

Answer 15

the treaty of Dordrecht where Maximilian agreed to send 3000 troops to help his fight with the French but he did not honor this and instead made peace with Charles III

Question 16

what was the treaty of Medina del campo (march 1489)

Answer 16

Henry and Spain agreed to go to war against France to recover lost terriotires - alliance cemented by marry of Arthur to Catherine of Aragon

Question 17

what happened in January 1491 ?

Answer 17

Maxmilian married Anne of Brittany,worsened when the French attacked again and Anne was forced to marry Charless III in December 1491

Question 18

how was the Breton Crisis resolved ?

Answer 18

Henry launched an invasion and the french quickly sought a peace deal,Henry showed his flexibilty to benefit by the French’s changes in priorities (more focused on Italian invasion) - Treaty of Etaples in 1492 henrys army left France in return for a payment of 745,000 crowns to cover the sotsthe costs of the expeditionand an agreement not to support the king’s enemies

Question 19

effect of the Italian wars ?

Answer 19

in 1490’s the FP main focus was the threat of Perkin Warbeck,the wars offered distraction to Henrys rivals who may have taken more of an interest in warbeck increasing his threat, so it was in Henrys best interest for it to continue regardless of how the roman empire encouraged him to join

Question 20

conclusion of italian wars?

Answer 20

Henry’s aloofness gave him room for manouver and conflict continued it Italy up to the end of his reign

Question 21

What was the Castilian crisis (1504-06)

Answer 21

the death of Isabella of Castille in 1489 meant her oldest daughter Joanna inherited Castille,was married to Philip ruler of Burgundy and heir to Roman empire so Castille was soon to be absorbed into the Hapsburg empire - this wasnt supported by Ferdinand as Philip was his biggest empire

Question 22

what did Ferdinand do in response to Philips death in 1506

Answer 22

Quickly regained his dead wifes territory of Castile and made an alliance with France so he wasn’t isolated (treaty of Blois 1505)

Question 23

what was Henrys response to the Castillion crisis ?

Answer 23

Philips unexpected death left Henry isolated in Europe so an anglo-burgundy alliance was a necesity,Henry made a more profitable treaty of intercursus Malus

Question 24

Why was it important to have a good relationship with the Netherlands?

Answer 24

important for commercial reasons - the bulk of England’s exports went through the ports of the Netherlands - complicated by Margaret as she was leading upholder of yorkists cause,enlisting the support of step son Maximilian

Question 25

how did relations with the Netherlands improve ?

Answer 25

when the trade embargo secured the expulsion of warbeck from Burgundy and when Henry and Philip agreed to Intercursus Magnus in 1496 which brought the embargo to an end

Question 26

what was intercusus malus ?

Answer 26

idk - including handing over the Ealr of Suffolk who henry later imprisoned

Question 27

what did Intercursus Malus reflect ?

Answer 27

Henry’s position of strength at the time and giving England a much stronger trading position

Question 28

what did Henry need to consider with Scotland ?

Answer 28

• Edward had taken border towns of Berwick and Dunbar which the scots were determined to win back
• scots traditional alliance with France was dangerous
• yorkists rebels recieved shelter in Scotland

Question 29

what happened with Scotland ?

Answer 29

in 1486 Henry quickly arranged a truce with James III this worked until James was killed by nobles,the nobles who goverened for James IV were hostile to Henry

Question 30

what threats did England face from Scotland ?

Answer 30

James IV’s marriage to Margaret was seen to weaken the alliance and Englands invasion on two fronts and the royal shelter James IV gave in 1496/7 as well as military support for a failed invasion

Question 31

effect of the scottish threats?

Answer 31

threatened the security of the tudor dynasty presenting both a military and political threat (biggest crisis of his reign?)

Question 32

how did Henry solve the hostile relations between him and Scotland ?

Answer 32

1502 treaty of Perpetual Peace was signed - marriage of Henry’s eldest daughter Margaret to James IV was finalised however border reigns continued and James’ expansion of his navy stained relations

Question 33

conclusion of Scotland ?

Answer 33

Henry had only stablilised,not secured the border regions leaving the Scottish threat to his son

Question 34

issues with Ireland?

Answer 34

control and costs
- yorkist sympathisers
- nobles had too much power
- strategy proved too expensive for Henry

Question 35

Henry’s power over Ireland ?

Answer 35

Henry’s power extended as far as the Pale whilst the rest was controlled by Irish Chieftains

Question 36

who had the most power in Ireland ?

Answer 36

Dominant figure of Earl of KIldare,the lord deputy of Ireland since 1477 (feared by Henry because he had yorkist sympathies compounded by his support for Simnel in 1486 who he crowned king of Ireland and Warbeck in 1491)

Question 37

who did Henry appoint over Ireland ?

Answer 37

tried to rule the Pale through and Englishman backed by an armed force,rather than relying on Irish aristocracy, he appointed his infant son Henry as lieutenant of Ireland and Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy

Question 38

how did Henry try to gain more power in Ireland ?

Answer 38

initially successful through threat of force and use of bribery,this is reinforced by the Poynings law in 1495 in which the Irish parliament couldn’t pass any laws without approval of the English crown

Question 39

conclusion of Ireland ?

Answer 39

by around 1500 Henry had eventually secured some level of cheap and peaceable control over ireland,he was undoubteldy lucky that by 1496 Kildare formed an alliance with Henry as he realized there was no longer any benefit in supporting the Yorkist cause

Question 40

what were the main marriage alliances ?

Answer 40

-catherin of aragon and arthur (died) so replace with Henry viii
- Margaret with James IV of scotland
- Mary to Louis XII of France