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History Tudors > Henry VII > Flashcards

Henry VII Flashcards

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1
Q

What is H7’s maternal claim to the throne

A

Mum (Margaret Beaufort) grand-daughter of Edward III

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2
Q

Why is a maternal claim weak?

A

through female line & father (John of Gaunt) had children bastardised for being out of wedlock

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3
Q

What is H7’s paternal claim to the throne

A

Owen Tudor ( paternal grandfather) was the second husband to Henry V’s ex

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4
Q

What were H7’s aims coming into power

A
  1. Remain king and establish his dynasty
  2. keep out of foreign affairs as are $$$ and might challenge his dynasty
  3. establish effective gov.
  4. maintain law and order
  5. control the nobility
  6. secure the crown’s finances
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5
Q

How H7 established authority after Battle of Bosworth - Elizabeth of York

A

Put her and Earl of Warwick in tower to prevent rebellion and from marrying a Yorkist
Married her after coronation (January 1486)
Gave birth to Arthur - embodiment of the Tudor Rose (22nd September 1489)

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6
Q

How H7 established authority after Battle of Bosworth - Coronation

A

Took place before 1st Parliament to show legitimacy from God not Parliament (divine right of Kings)
Coronation - 30th October
Parliament - 7th November

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7
Q

How H7 established authority after Battle of Bosworth - backdated

A

Officially backdated Battle of Bosworth to 21st August so anyone fighting for Richard could be called a traitor

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8
Q

How H7 established authority after Battle of Bosworth - patronage

A

gave out 11 knighthoods
made key appointments e.g. Sir William Stanley to Lord Chamberlain of the Household

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9
Q

Dynastic ambition and political opposition was a reason for rebellion

A

Lovell and Stafford rising 1485-6
Simnel and Warbeck

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10
Q

Taxes/ demands for money was a reason for rebellion

A

Yorkshire Rebellion 1489 - funding for Brittany/France
Cornish Rebellion 1497 - funding for Scotland

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11
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - Burgundy

A

Margaret of Burgundy - supported pretenders e.g. recognised PW as rightful King in 1490

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12
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - Ireland

A

Ireland supported pretenders e.g. Simnell proclaimed King in 1487

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13
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - France

A

France - Charles 8 supported Warbeck

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14
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - HRE

A

Holy Roman Empire - Maximilian I persuaded PW to try invade England (failed 1495)

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15
Q

Foreign support to remove H7 was a reason for rebellion - Scotland

A

James 4 allowed PW to take refuge and marry his cousin, September 1496 tried to invade ENG but failed - lost all support

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16
Q

Claiming to have a better claim to the throne was a reason for rebellion

A

Simnel - Earl of Warwick
Warbeck - Richard, Duke of York (Princes in the tower)

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17
Q

H7 controlled nobility with attacks on retaining

A

1485 - Lords and Commons had to swear oath they wouldn’t illegally retain
1504 - Nobles had to get a special licence from King and if didn’t were fined £5/retainer/month
Lord Burgavenny fined £70,000 in 1507 for illegally retaining 471 men - put under bond of £5000 for 10yrs

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18
Q

H7 controlled nobility through Act of Attainders

A

138 passed - 51 in last 5 yrs of reign
41 reversed
Sir Thomas Tyrell had to pay £1738 to reverse his and his Dad’s attainders

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19
Q

H7 controlled nobility through patronage

A

rare for him to give titles - Edward 4 created 9 earls and H7 only 3
titles meant reducing crown income as less crown lands

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20
Q

Influence of Churchman John Morton

A

ABofC in 1486 (had worked hard against R3) and Cardinal in 1493
Important for ‘Morton’s Fork’ - exploited by tax commissioners as ‘The rich were told that they could afford to contribute, and the poor were accused of having concealed wealth’

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21
Q

Influence of Richard Empson

A

member of King’s council from 1494
chaired Council Learned in Law and associated with ruthlessness of H7’s reign
executed immediately under H8

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22
Q

Influence of Edmund Dudley

A

came in after Reginald Bray death in 1503 (SAME YEAR AS ELIZABETH OF YORK DIES) and exploited financial opportunities with Council Learned with increasing ruthlessness
executed immediately under H8

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23
Q

Functions of King’s council

A
  1. advise the king
  2. administer the realm on the King’s behalf (collect taxes)
  3. make legal judgements
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24
Q

Extent of Council’s influence

A

227 men recorded as attendees BUT H7 only rlly listened to 6/7
Mum (Margaret Beaufort) often seen as most influential
Council had no established rules or procedures
Professional councillors that weren’t courtiers often met separately without King e.g. Empson and Dudley

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25
Q

Meaning of personal monarchy

A

Political power and influence of a person depends upon their relationship with the King

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26
Q

Why was the privy chamber introduced?

A

Sir William Stanley (Lord Chancellor) betrayed him with PW in 1495

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27
Q

Why did H7 use parliament at the start of his reign?

A

3/12.5 months 1485-6 to secure his reign e.g. backdate rein, acts of attainders etc.

28
Q

Why else did H7 call parliament?

A

to support controversial policies e.g. limiting powers of nobility and raising taxes (extraordinary revenue for wars)

29
Q

How was parliament used at the end of H7’s reign?

A

no parliament in last 5 years of the reign BUT in final parliament managed to secure that H7 couldn’t call them again for extraordinary revenue

30
Q

Why was H7’s control weak in Cornwall?

A

saw themselves as independent

31
Q

Why was H7’s control weak in Wales?

A

it could be used to invade England - as H7 had done

32
Q

Why was H7’s control weak in the North?

A

far away and loyal to House of York in past

33
Q

Why was H7’s control weak in Ireland?

A

real power left with Chieftons not H7 - only ruled the Pale
Earl of Kildare was Deputy but sympathised with Royal Pretenders - H7 forced to remove him and put Sir Poynings in 1494 - then Kildare reinstated in 1496

34
Q

What was Poyning’s law?

A

1495 - Irish Parliament controlled by English King and Council

35
Q

Earl of Suffolk’s role

A

put in charge of North as had no strong support to rival Henry

36
Q

Jasper Tudor’s rule

A

led Council of Wales and 1488 took possession of Cardiff Castle

37
Q

Prince-Bishop of Durham’s role

A

Led Palentine of Durham where he ruled as a semi-independent ruler

38
Q

Role of Justices of the Peace

A

to conduct local government
unpaid and met 4 times a year to try people accused of more serious crimes

39
Q

How did H7 increase JP’s power?

A

used them as free patronage
1485 - Powers of arrest extended to cover poachers and hunters
1491 - Powers to grant bail
1495 - Power to vet juries

40
Q

Why did H7 consider finance to be so important

A

H7 aimed to achieve solvency by increasing Royal Income by decreasing spending to restore crown’s $$ strength

41
Q

What was the increase in income from Crown land? (ordinary)

A

£29,000 (1485) to £42,000 (1509)

42
Q

What was the income from customs duties? (ordinary)

A

made up 1/3rd of all income
smuggling meant not a massive increase
£33,000 to £40,000

43
Q

What were feudal dues? (ordinary)

A

enforced traditional rights to the full e.g. warships and marriages

44
Q

How were Acts of Attainders used for revenue? (ordinary)

A

Sir William Stanley paid £9000 in cash, £1000/yr after treason in 1495

45
Q

Example of parliamentary grant (extraordinary)

A

payments to help for Battle of Stokefield 1487

46
Q

Example of Loans and Benevolences (extraordinary)

A

1496 - H7 needed money for PW and Scotland so appealed to landlords for loans

47
Q

Example of Clerical Taxes (extraordinary)

A

1489 - Church paid £25,000 for war against France
made £6000 from simony and leaving positions vacant

48
Q

Example of feudal obligations (extraordinary)

A

at knighting of Prince Arthur, King got feudal dues from nobles

49
Q

French pension details (extraordinary)

A

Treaty of Etaples 1492 - H7 promised £159,000 in compensation from France - paid in £5000/yr

50
Q

Example of Bonds and Recognisances (extraordinary)

A

H7 collected 191 bonds in 1st decade of his reign
earned £3000 in 1493 rising to £35000 in 1505 (those who fell behind hounded by Council Learned)

51
Q

H7’s foreign policy aims

A

secure as many allies, spend the least money possible and secure his dynasty

52
Q

Events of Simnel Rising in Ireland

A

Earl of Kildare and leaders proclaimed Simnel Edward VI in May 1487
H7 diffused by showing real Earl of Warwick

53
Q

Significance of Simnel Rising in Ireland

A

showed H7 was vulnerable and opportunity for Margaret of Burgundy (sent 2000 mercenaries)

54
Q

Events in Brittany 1489

A

H7 didn’t want France to take over Brittany - now ruled by 12yr old Duchess Anne
Treaty of Redon signed Feb 1489 - H7 promised cost of 6,000 men paid to defend Anne

55
Q

Significance of Brittany 1489

A

didn’t achieve aim as Anne married Charles 8 in 1491 - end of Brittany’s independence
Yorkshire Rebellion

56
Q

Events in France 1492

A

H7 prepares to invade with 26,000 men - crossed channel in October 1489
C8 didn’t want war with H7 as more interested in Italian peninsula
C8 offered peace and Treaty of Etaples signed in Nov 1492

57
Q

Significance of France 1492

A

England not a powerful country
H7 gets pension - £5,000/yr - makes up 5% of crown income
C8 withdrew support for PW
Better relations with Burgundy (trade)

58
Q

Events in Burgundy 1496

A

A trade embargo put in place to challenge Margaret of Burgundy’s support for PW
Intercursus Magnus - ended Trade Embargo (BUT not MofB’s support for PW)

59
Q

Significance of Burgundy 1496

A

needed good relations with Burgundy as Antwerp big for trade
H7 puts dynastic priorities ahead of economic
leads to better relations with Burgundy (trade)

60
Q

Events in Spain 1489

A

Treaty of Medina del Campo - trade agreement to join against France and marriage alliance with Catherine of Aragon and Prince Arthur BUT argument over Catherine’s dowry

61
Q

Significance of Spain 1489

A

only 4 years into his reign recognised by a lead European monarch - important as a usurper trying to gain legitimacy

62
Q

Events in Scotland 1497

A

James 4 supports PW - has in court and marries cousin
failed invasion of England with PW leading to Truce of Ayton

63
Q

Significance in Scotland 1497

A

J4 no longer supported PW
1503 Treaty of Perpetual Peace - J4 marry H7 daughter Margaret
success - PW gone after Cornish Rebellion and marriage stops Scot invasions

64
Q

Events in Burgundy 1506

A

Isabella and Phillip shipwrecked in England - H7 used to his advantage for Intercursus Malus and Treaty of Windsor 1506

65
Q

Significance of Burgundy 1506

A

favourable treaties BUT Phillip’s death meant never went through

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