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Alevel History Tudors > Henry VII 1485–1509 > Flashcards

Henry VII 1485–1509 Flashcards

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1
Q

what happened in 1485?

A
  • Henry VII takes throne following victory at Battle of Bosworth
  • Henry’s first parliament
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2
Q

How did Henry VII’s background prepare him for kingship?

A
  • member of Duke of Brittany’s court
  • Could observe court politics as an outsider, treated normally
  • learned how people treated those in charge- only surrounds himself with most trusted
  • Became distrustful to pretenders due to this experience
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3
Q

Why did Henry backdate his reign?

A
  • accused those who supported/ fought for Richard III at BofB (22nd August 1485) of committing treason
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4
Q

How did Henry VII use incentives to control the nobility?

A
  • used patronage less than his predecessors; Jasper Tudor was made Duke of Bedford
  • Created 37 Knights of the Garter, who were given prestige but not land
  • 5 Key councillors on the King’s Council had supported Henry before Bosworth: Bray, Daubeney, Guildford, Lovell and Riselly
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5
Q

How did Henry VII use punishments to control the nobility?

A
  • Passed 138 Acts of Attainder (declares people guilty with no trial) and only reversed 46
  • Used Feudal Dues (obligations of nobility) e.g. Duchess of Buckingham was fined with £6000 in 1507 for marrying without Henry VII’s permission.
    -1486- Acts of Resumption withdrew Crown Lands lost during Wars of Roses
  • 1487 and 1504 Acts against retaining (practice used by noblemen to keep many men as personal staff) ; nobles had to gain a license personally from Henry VII to retain
  • 36 out of 62 noble families under Bonds and Recognisances by the end of Henry VII’s reign
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6
Q

What happened in 1486?

A
  • Henry marries Elizabeth of York
  • Lovell rebellion
  • Birth of Prince Arthur
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7
Q

what happened in 1487?

A
  • Imposture of Lambert Simnel
  • Defeat of the Earl of Lincoln in the Battle of Stoke
  • Export of unfinished cloth by foreign merchants banned
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8
Q

What happened in 1489?

A
  • Murder of Earl of Northumberland and Yorshire rising
  • Treaty of Redon
  • Treaty of Medina Del Campo
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9
Q

What happened in 1491?

A
  • Beginning of imposture by Perkin Warbeck
  • Birth of Prince Henry
  • War against France
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10
Q

What happened in 1492?

A

Treaty of Etaples

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11
Q

What happened in 1494?

A

Poynings appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland

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12
Q

What happened in 1495?

A
  • Execution of Sir William Stanley
  • Introduction of the Council Learned in Law under the leadership of Sir Reginald Bray
  • Creation of Privy Chamber
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13
Q

what happened in 1496?

A

Intercursus Magnus treaty signed

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14
Q

What happened in 1497?

A
  • Cornish rebellion
  • Surrender of Warbeck
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15
Q

What happened in 1499?

A
  • Execution of the Earl of Warwick and of Warbeck
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16
Q

What happened in 1501?

A

Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon

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17
Q

What happened in 1502?

A

Death of Prince Arthur

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18
Q

What happened in 1503?

A
  • Death of Sir Reginald Bray
  • Marriage of Princess Margaret to James IV of Scotland
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19
Q

What happened in 1506?

A
  • Treaty of Windsor
  • Intercursus Malus treaty agreed
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20
Q

What happened in 1509?

A
  • Death of Henry VII and accession of Henry VIII
  • Empson and Dudley arrested
  • Henry VIII’s coronation
  • Marriage of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon
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21
Q

Council Learned in Law

A
  • dealt with financial debts and affairs, becoming key in maintaining and ensuring obedience.
  • Empson and Dudley’s use of extortion meant that Henry VII became unpopular- their execution in 1510 was greeted with rejoicing in the streets
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22
Q

Parliament

A
  • Only called parliament 7 times
  • Henry VII was coronated on 30th Oct 1485, before he called Parliament for the first time (7th Nov 1485) to assert his authority as a monarch who could rule without Parliament
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23
Q

Problems for HVII

A

-Nobles ;wealth and territorial power making them potential rivals to the throne
- Uneven Crown control; strong control in pop areas looser in boarderlands + underdeveloped system of local admin
- Poor Crown finances: depleted by wars (internal+external)

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24
Q

How HVII dealt with uneven Crown control

A

LOCAL- depended on reliable network of officials throughout country to enforce laws
-Areas far away from London hard to control w/out nobles
-JPs responsible for public order
-Met at ‘Quarter sessions’ to deal with more serious crimes
- Nobles who had land on Eng-Welsh border given privileges to maintain order
NATIONAL
-Parliament met infrequently: only to pass laws for King
- King ruled directly most of the time through proclamations and decrees
- all power derived from the monarch
- Star Chamber - prosecuted anyone who acted in a rebellious or lawless manner

25
Q

How HVII dealt with poor finances

A
  • Royal council- met when king needed
  • H VII took a more direct personal interest in finances, in private chambers
  • Established new posts:
  • Surveyor of the King’s Wards (investigate cases of debt to king)
  • Court of Audit (monitor government spending)
  • Realised main reason for monarchy’s economic depletion = wars
    therefore, less aggressive foreign policy
    -Income becomes 20x more than wealthiest nobles (still less than King of France)
26
Q

What was the state of Royal finances 1485?

A

-At first, H VII used Exchequer system – only made £12,000 from Crown lands, R III made £25,000
- H VII learned he needed to keep an eye on finances, began to use Chamber system favoured by Yorkists

27
Q

How did HVII use finance to his advantage?

A

Crown lands
-Act of Resumption - 1486 enables King to claim Crown lands that had been lost since 1455
-Land was crucial for regular revenue in Tudor times
- More land =first priority
-£42,000 from Crown lands in 1508
Bonds and recognisances:
- Control of nobles as well as the expansion of wealth
Expenditure:
-needed to spend well to increase image (int+ext)
Made badges, flags and banners personal to Henry - heighten prestige
- H VII lent £138,000 to Phillip of Burgundy to finance Spanish voyage
- £300,000 to Emperor Maximillian

28
Q

Ordinary sources of Royal Income

A
  • crown lands
  • Feudal dues:
    RELIEF - paid by heir to king when inherited land
    MARRIAGE - King could arrange marriages of tenants at a profit
    WARDSHIP - control of estates for underage owners, King managed for profits
    LIVERY - payment made by underage owner on adulthood, for taking care of land
  • E.G Earl of Northumberland died - H VII took care of lands for his 10-year-old son
  • 1507 - income from marriage and wardships rose from £350 in 1487 to £6,000
    Customs duties : Tunnage (tax on imports) and Poundage (tax on exports)
    Legal dues: Increased use of fines and attainders
  • E.G. Sir William Stanley - 1495 - paid £9,000 then £1,000 per year
29
Q

Extraordinary sources of Royal Income

A

Bonds and recognisances: Demanded from those who seemed disloyal e.g. Yorkists supporters
Loans and Benevolences: Organised by Royal Council
-1491 - £48,000 raised for Brittany war (£9,000 from City of London)
Feudal dues
Clerical taxes: Special taxes which could be levied on Church.
Parliamentary taxes: Special grants by Parliament to finance royal policies e.g. war. Tax ultimately fell on the people, not popular, resulted in 2 rebellions

30
Q

Staffords and Lovell’s Rebellion

A

1486
-first uprising after HVII crowned king
-dissatisfied w HVII becoming king, Richard III supporters
- tried to rise up against HVII but little support for rebellion in Yorkist heartlands, so easily suppressed
-Lovell fled to Court of Margaret of Burgundy, Humphrey Stafford was executed and Thomas Stafford was pardoned.
although unsuccessful, exposed vulnerabilities of King HVII’s reign, deep-seated resentments + loyalties still remained amongst the Yorkists.

31
Q

Lambert Simnel and Earl of Lincoln (John de la Pole)

A

1486-87
- Pretended to be Earl of Warwick and was crowned King in Ireland in 1486
- Henry VII exhibited the real Earl of Warwick in London
-Simnel’s mercenaries (from Margaret of Burgundy) were defeated by Henry VII at Battle of Stoke in 1487
- Lincoln was killed for his help whilst Simnel became a kitchen help in court.

32
Q

Yorkshire Rebellion

A

1489
- parliament granted HVII £100,000 to support Brittany against France
-required income tax to raise this
- caused resentment
-only £27,000 was raised
-Tax was least welcome in Yorkshire (due to poor harvest, tax seen as too far)
- Earl of Northumberland murdered up North by rebels
- Earl of Surrey easily suppressed uprising
-Henry issued many pardons but his tax quota for the region was not fulfilled

33
Q

Perkin Warbeck 1495-1497

A

1491- first appeared as threat in Ireland
Claimed to be Richard of York (Ed IV’s youngest son)
-Charles VIIII of France welcomed him to Parisian court to embarrass Henry or distract him from annexation of Brittany
1492- Charles agrees with HVII, Warbeck forced to move to Burgundy
1495- Warbeck lands in Kent- no support, goes to Scotland
-Befriended James IV, granted him income of £1,200 a year, offered his own cousin in marriage
1497- James IV attempts to invade England on Warbeck’s behalf
-fails
HVII offers Treaty of Ayton- closes Scotland off to pretenders, Warbeck fleas to Ireland
Aug 1497- Warbeck= weary, running out of support, confesses identity
Henry allows him to remain in court, tries to escape so held in TofLondon
1499- accused of plotting an escape with Earl of Warwick, both executed

34
Q

Edmund De La Pole, Earl of Suffolk

A
  • punished for brother John De la Pole’s part in Simnel’s rebellion
  • Had to pay £5,000 to inherit some of his fathers land
  • not allowed to inherit fathers title of Duke (suffolk’s grudge due to Duke being above Earl)
    Edmund killed someone due to appear in court, summoned to ordinary court away from peers
    • embarrassing, fled to Burgundy- July 1499
      HVII attempts to negotiate his return, he did
      1501- flees again w brother Richard and sought help of Emperor Maximillian
  • called himself ‘White Rose’- Yorkist house
  • HVII gives £250,000 to Emperor Maximillin for his return, doesn’t do so
    1504- All suspected confedertes arrested or attainted (William de la pole, Sir William Courtenay)
    Philip (claimant to Spanish throne)- lands on English coast due to storms
  • Luck
  • Took £138,000 and gave EofSuff to HVII
    -Earl arrested and executed by HVIII in 1513
35
Q

Lambert simnel: Was a threat? (+) Wasn’t?(-)

A

LAMBERT SIMNEL:
+Had backing of Ireland, crowned
+Foreign support- MoB, Maximillian- 2,000 soldiers given
+John de la Pole support
-Amateurish- HVII produced actual Earl of Warwick
-Simnel himself was not a threat, just supporters

36
Q

Perkin Warbeck: Was a threat? (+) Wasn’t?(-)

A

PERKIN WARBECK
+ Welcomed in court by Charles VIIII
+ Welcomed by MoB, Maximillian
+ Support from Scotland - invasion attempt, James IV offered cousin’s marriage
-Henry deals with English side of conspiracy
- Treaty of Ayton gets rid of Scottish support
- Confesses in 1497, killed in 1499

37
Q

Edmund de la pole: Was a threat? (+) Wasn’t?(-)

A

+ Helped by Maximillian and Burgundy
+ Actual claims to the throne
+ HVII gives lots of money to Maximillian, but he doesn’t give him back
+ HVII meets Philip by luck
- HVII gathers up suspected supporters
- Eventually given to HVII by Philip

38
Q

Foreign policy aims under HVII

A

1) Securing the throne: didn’t want to be overthrown by European-supported pretenders
2) International recognition: wanted to be a legitimate king e.g through marriage alliances, establish strong relations with key families
3) Maintain prosperity in England: keep trade with countries, good economy= less discontentment= less chance of rebellion
4) Maintain prestige but keep low costs: foreign wars= expensive, taxes to raise money= unpopular , England is better as an ally

39
Q

France and Brittany

A

Hundred years war- Rivals
1485: France had 3X Eng resources
HVII feels indebted to both France + Brittany as they helped him ascend to throne ( Charles, Francis II housed during exile)
1 year truce with France- later extended to 1489
France showed interest in absorbing Brittany
1489- Treaty of Redon- HVII promises 6,000 troops if Brittany finances them
- sends 6000 men
Dec 1491- Bretons give up, accept defeat
Anne marries Charles VIIII
Apr 1489 - H VII announces his act of defence of Brittany, no intent to claim French lands
- French show displeasure - welcome Warbeck to court and put more troops in Brittany
- H VII announced intent to claim French throne
- Parliament voted two subsidies - substantial force of 26,000 men
- They crossed the Channel in October 1492 and besieged Boulogne
- France didn’t want a long war, began to gain interest of Italy
- 1492 - Treaty of Etaples - H’s army left France in return for a promise that Charles would not support English pretenders and H VII received 745,000 crowns
- Amounted to 5% of Henry’s annual income
- France and England’s basic friendship remained
- Brief intervention, did not damage Eng’s reputation
- Treaty of Etaples offset cost and shut France off to pretenders
- Eng armies did not win any major battles in Brittany
- Brittany never fully independent (taken back by France - 1532)
- H VII failed to restore Eng glories in Europe

40
Q

Spain

A
  • 1479 - Aragon and Castile houses united
  • Dominant power in the Western Mediterranean
  • H VII - wanted greater English trade in the Mediterranean - Spain could have seen this as a threat
  • H VII saw the country as a counter-weight to power of France
  • 1489 - Treaty of Medina del Campo - tied England and Spain closer together
    • Marriage between Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon
      • Catherine’s dowry = 100,000 crowns in 1501 - econ benefits
    • Spain signed the treaty - H VII given legitimacy
    • Spain would give no aid to pretenders
    • Alliance - promise to intervene if the other is threatened
    • Mutual reduction of tariffs - encourages trade and prosperity
  • 1501 - CoA and Arthur marry, cements MdC
  • Apr 1502 - Arthur dies
  • June 1502, marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine accepted
    • Required permission from Pope, received
  • 1504 - Henry breaks away
41
Q

Burgundy and HRE

A

Margaret of Burgundy- Yorkist, against HVII - supports pretenders
1477: HRE acquires Burgundy- Maximillian marries Mary of Burgundy
ENG must maintain cloth trade w Burgundy- Antwerp is key
1489 - Treaty of Dordrecht - Maximillian and H VII unite against France - aid Bretons
1492 - MoB and Maximillian welcome pretender Warbeck
1493 - Phillip of Burgundy (Maximillian’s son) ignores H VII on support of pretenders
1494 - H VII cuts off trade with Burgundy
1496 - Intercursus Magnus
- long-lasting commercial treaty and shut Burgundy off to pretenders
- Phillip and Ferdinand of Castile in competition for area of Castile
1504 - H VII backs Phillip - doesn’t pay off, Ferdinand gets Castile
1506 - Phillip lands in England due to storms - H VII gets him to sign Intercursus Malus
- English goods duty free, not Burgundy as well
- Surrender EoSuff
- Mutual defence pact
1508 - Ignores H VII - Treaty of Cambrai signed without H VII

42
Q

Scotland

A

July 1486- HVII- three year truce with Scots
1488- James IV (15yrs old)= King of Scotland
- Young king is not seen as a threat by Henry
- Scotland’s support for Perkin Warbeck - seen as major threat
- Sheltered him for two years
- Paid him a pension
- Marriage of Warbeck and James IV’s cousin
1496 - James IV attempts to invade England on Warbeck’s behalf
- H VII retaliates, builds largest army
1497 - Truce of Ayton was signed - closed Scotland off to Warbeck
- Warbeck forced to flee
Aug 1503, Henry’s eldest daughter, Margaret, married James IV - even closer
1502 - Treaty of Perpetual Peace (same as Ayton) - agreed to end warfare

43
Q

Ireland

A

-Most land in Ireland is held by native Irish
-Some held by Anglo-Irish lords
- Only one held by English King - The Pale
- Close to Eng border
- Weak crown control over Ireland except The Pale - left to own devices
- Earls = Kildare, Ulster, Ormond and Desmond
- Lords = Wexford
- Pro-English, Irish-speaking
- Ireland only controlled harshly unless they are causing a problem

44
Q

1485-1494 SEMI-INDEPENDENCE

A
  • 1485 - Kildare (Gerald Fitzgerald) continues as Lord Deputy, continuation of Yorkist policy
    • Relied on local noblemen to act as ruler of Ireland on king’s behalf
    • Provided maximum benefit with minimum cost
    • Anglo-Irish lords also approved, freedom from English intervention
  • 1487 - Kildare gives support to Simnel
  • 1488 - Sir Richard Edgecombe sent to Ireland to reassert authority - oath of loyalty for lords
  • 1491 - Kildare failed to act against Warbeck
    • 1492 - Kildare is removed
45
Q

1494-1496 STRICT CONTROL

A
  • 1494 - Poynings appointed deputy (Englishman)
    • Arrived with 700 soldiers
    • Task = prevent Irish adding to King’s insecurity
    • No rebellion occurred, but it was expensive
  • Poynings passed 49 Acts - most famous is Poynings’ Law
    • ‘Poynings’ Law’ = no Irish Parliament action unless the crown approves
  • Feb 1495 - Kildare arrested, probably wrongly, for conspiring against Poynings
  • Dec 1495 - Poynings leaves Ireland, having re-established English rule
46
Q

1496-1509 RETURN TO SEMI-INDEPENDENCE

A

Aug 1496 - Kildare returns to role of Lord Deputy
- Kildare charmed H VII
- Marries Kings second cousin

47
Q

How successful was Henry’s Foreign Policy?

A

-Decent reputation abroad time of death
-Several treaties ensured peaceful foreign policy- non-expensive and ensured allies
-BUT England was not part of League of Cambrai (1508)
- members of the League stated they would not threaten England’s interest abroad
-Henry was lucky though- had a lot of fortunate coincidences
- storms brough Philip to England and allowed Henry VII to get Intercursus Magnus
- Major powers of Europe were more concerned about events in Northern Italy
- England had minimal interests
- Henry was given more of a freer hand than he might have otherwise expected

48
Q

Trade with Netherlands

A

+ Merchant adventurers dominate trade with Antwerp
+ Under HVII- exports rose by 60%
+ Cloth makes up 80% of exports
- HVII- increased focus of dynastic security
- MoB presented a problem
- Cuts off trade in 1494

49
Q

Trade Elsewhere

A

+ Limited coal trade with Germany
+ MdC= encourage Spanish trade
- Increased care for dynastic threats
- Bad deal with Hanseatic league (trade group- control Baltic) to stop EofSuff support, undermines England

50
Q

Industry

A

+ Coal, tin and mining existed
+ Cloth was superior- drove some of these industries
- Small scale, little investment
- Germany is more superior

51
Q

Agriculture

A

+ increase in sheep farming (for wool)- link to cloth
- Decrease in crop farming
- food prices rose

52
Q

Living standards

A

+ rose in middle class ( wealthy farmers selling wool, merchants)
- Greater impact on lower classes of food price rise, bad harvests and enclosure

53
Q

Exploration

A

-Spanish + Portuguese (spice trade) = more dominant
- British merchants and seamen also interested: small and unsuccessful explorations
-John Cabot received authorisation from HVII to colonise and keep criminals: 1497, sailed to Newfoundland, reported seeing fishing grounds, never returned, lost at sea
-William Weston (1499/1500) did go to America- first Englishman to lead expedition

54
Q

Arts/ literature

A

followed NW Europe, visual style but more primitive
- printing of traditional medieval culture
-1478 printing press (by Caxton)- printed Chaucer’s Canterbury tales - chivalric adaptations of saints’ lives
-1509 Humanist influences e.g Erasmus rose, Caxton printed works dropped

55
Q

Architecture

A

Lots of building and rebuilding of parish churches
-Built in Gothic, perpendicular style
-E.g Saint Mary Redcliffe, Bristol
-1502- HVII approved this style for Westminster Abbey

56
Q

Music

A
  • Local bagpipe and wind groups entertained on saints’ days
  • Choral music underwent ‘renaissance’ : single-line chants (medieval) turned into polyphonic (multiple melodies) e.g Eton Choir book
  • Music in court- special occasions/ accompanying a meal; strong trumpets/ light flutes, Browne + Fayrfac= secular (non-religious) compositions
    -Carols (not linked to xmas) also popular
57
Q

Drama

A

-plays in association with Church
- Ale festivals
- Most famous plays= mystery
- Church/guilds (group of influential merchants/craftsmen) combined plays with straight forward morals/ religious messages to educate audience

58
Q

Educations

A

Elementary= ‘song schools’ or ‘reading schools’
-Secondary: grammar schools
- 56 new grammar schools 1460-1509
- Education depended on wealth or area they lived
-University: Oxford or Cambridge
-Oxford- progress ground to a halt
- Camb- several new colleges
- funded by Lady Margaret Beaufort

59
Q

Curriculum

A

Latin
1480s- humanistic approach to teaching esp. Magdalen College School, Oxford
- English taught as by-product of Latin

Alevel History Tudors (3 decks)

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