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Tudors > Henry VII > Flashcards

Henry VII Flashcards

1
Q

Elizabeth of York

A

Married in 1486 so couldn’t be claimed she owed Henry the throne. Papal dispensation showed recognition. Became Queen in 1487.

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2
Q

Usurper

A

Not a strong claim to the throne. On the other hand he made his reign officially start one day before the battle of Bosworth so Richard and his allies were seen as traitors.

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3
Q

Father’s side

A

Grandmother was Queen of England. Grandfather was a squire.

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4
Q

Mother’s side

A

Descendant of Edward III but born out of wedlock. Richard II legitimised their claim. Yet Henry.VI disinherited them.

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5
Q

Yorkshire Rebellion 1489

A

Needed parliamentary grant of £100,000 to aid Brittany.

Not welcome as poor harvests + usually exempt from tax as they protected the Scottish border + Henry was Lancastrian.

Earl of Northumberland was murdered by malcontents after Henry refused his case. New Earl was a minor and became Henry’s ward.

Offered pardons to most involved.

No tax collected from here in the end, only £27,000 in l.

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6
Q

Cornish Rebellion 1497

A

Parliamentary grant to defend against Warbeck/James.

Didn’t affect them.

15,000 marched from Bodmin to London with no resistance led by Lord Audley.

Lord Daubeney fought them with 25,000 troops.

1000 Cornish died, others fled or were imprisoned.

Main leaders were executed whilst others were fined.

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7
Q

Lambert Simnel 1487

A

Posed as Earl of Warwick - real one was exhibited.

Many nobles were declared traitors and put under house arrest just in case.

Gained support from Ireland, Lovell, Earl of Lincoln and Margaret of Burgundy.

Henry offered pardons to longstanding rebels fearing they’d defect.

The Battle of Stoke - lost and became a turnspit in Henry’s kitchen

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8
Q

Perkin Warbeck 1491-9

A

Claimed to be Richard of York.

Charles VIII supported him until Treaty of Etaples (1492).

Magaret of Burgundy + Maximilian recognised him.

Invaded Deal in 1495 yet abandoned them and made an unsuccessful siege at Waterford.

Fled to Scotland in 1496 and married James IV’s cousin.

Failed invasion + peace treaty with James.

Henry let him stay in court in 1497 yet he fled and tried to gain support where he failed and abandoned the forces he did have.

Executed in 1499.

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9
Q

De la Poles

A

Both brothers went with other Yorkists to Flanders.

In storm with Philip of Burgundy 1506 where he was handed over.

Executed in 1513 by Henry VIII.

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10
Q

Staffords

A

Faithful to Richard.

In sanctuary until 1486.

Tried to stir up rebellion.

Humphrey was executed and Thomas was pardoned and remained loyal.

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11
Q

Meritocracy

A

Appointed based on their skills.

Didn’t exclude the nobility though.

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12
Q

Humanist

A

Recognising value and importance of individuals.

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13
Q

Justice of the Peace

A

Men from gentry as more likely to be loyal (weakened nobility).

Imposed socioeconomic statutes, dispensing justice, upholding order, rewarding informers, arresting poachers.

Many unwilling to act as wanted to stay popular with locals.

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14
Q

Order of the Garter

A

37 nobles gained this.

Cost Henry nothing.

Kept nobility loyal as they wanted this prestigious title.

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15
Q

1 New Earldom + 5 New Barons

A

Ensured new members would be loyal.

Nobility will stay loyal to gain titles.

Very costly for Henry.

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16
Q

Jasper Tudor

A

Became Duke of Bedford.

Showed loyalty to Henry and was rewarded.

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17
Q

Court of the Star Chamber

A

Only for nobility.

This is where Henry decided verdicts.

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18
Q

Retainers

A

Needed licenses for them.

Nobility weren’t as powerful.

Lord Burgavenny fined £70,000 for keeping it without license.

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19
Q

Benevolences (extraordinary)

A

Forced loans with no repayment.

Highlighted disloyal nobility.

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20
Q

Act of Attainders

A

Reached 51 in 1509 causing disquiet.

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21
Q

Bonds/Recognisances (extraordinary)

A

Bonds = person would pay if they weren’t loyal.

Recognisances = acknowledgement of debt that they would have to pay if they were disloyal.

36 out of 62 nobles were involved.

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22
Q

Exchequer 1485-7

A

Collect revenue from crown land, taxes and customs.

Had its own officials.

Accurate and subjects knew where they were with it.

Very slow.

Dealt with finances recorded on paper.

Only collect 1/2 of what Richard did.

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23
Q

Chamber 1487 onwards

A

Dealt with all income but customs duties.

Henry had direct control.

Ready supply of cash if needed.

Faster.

Increased importance of the Treasurer of the Chamber and Gentlemen of the Bedchamber which means more would stay loyal to gain more prestigious titles.

24
Q

Crown Lamds (ordinary)

A

Most important source of revenue.

Greatly increased through various acts.

Didn’t give a lot to followers.

Amount was x5 by the end of his reign compared to the 1450s.

25
Q

Act of Resumption 1486

A

Land given out by Richard III would be taken back.

Wasn’t enforced ensuring loyalty.

26
Q

Escheats

A

Payments made when land reversed to Crown if noble died without an heir.

27
Q

Customs Duties (ordinary)

A

Paid for English defences.

Some would smuggle to avoid tax.

Prerogative duties on exports of textiles and some imports.

Tonnage (wine) and poundage.

Subsidy on wool exports.

Only collected £40,000 compared to Edward IV who collected £70,000.

28
Q

Profits of Justice (ordinary)

A

Fees paid for royal writs (no court action could start without them).

Fines levied by courts.

Accused of corrupt legal system (fined criminals where they should have had the death penalty).

29
Q

Fifteenth and Tenth (extraordinary)

A

Used for parliamentary grants.

Basic tax.

1/15 of goods in rural areas and 1/10 in Urban.

30
Q

Loans (extraordinary)

A

In times of emergency.

Repaid them all.

31
Q

Clerical Taxes (extraordinary)

A

Simony = selling of church appointments (Bishop of Winchester was £300.

Vacant bishoprics = kept vacant so he would receive the revenue.

32
Q

French Pension (extraordinary)

A

Part of Treaty of Etaples (1492).

£159,000 altogether.

£5000 annually.

5% of income.

33
Q

Wardship (feudal obligation)

A

Controlled his wards land and received profits from them.

34
Q

Livery (feudal obligation)

A

Fee to recover lands from wardship.

35
Q

Relief (feudal obligations)

A

Money paid as land was inherited

36
Q

Marriage Dues (feudal obligation)

A

For heiresses.

37
Q

Feudal Aid (feudal obligations)

A

For special occasions such as Arthur’s knighting.

38
Q

Distrait of Knighthood (feudal obligations)

A

If they owned £40, or more, they had to be a knight or pay not to be a knight

39
Q

Brittany Crisis 1487-92

A

Problematic: Henry was exiled there, France would gain complete of Southern shore of Channel, France financed Bosworth, signed a peace treaty with France lasting until 1499.

Anne of Beaujeau became ward of France after Duke of Francis (father) dies in 1488.

Signed a couple of treaties.

Maximilian marries Anne of Brittany by proxy in 1491 but Anne’s forced to marry Charles.

Ended with treaty of Etaples.

40
Q

Treaty of Redon 1489

A

Agreed to send 6000 troops to defend Brittany with Anne paying for it and agreeing not to marry/form alliances in the meantime

41
Q

Treaty of Medina del Campo 1489

A

Spain agreed to go to war with France if Henry did.

Spain withdrew troops to fight Moors, unreliable.

Resolved Navigation Acts problem.

Marriage between Arthur and Catherine.

Free trade.

Spain wouldn’t help rebels.

Henry didn’t sign until 1496 despite Spain ratifying it immediately.

H.R.E. added in 1490.

42
Q

Treaty of Etaples 1492

A

Charles wouldn’t help imposters.

French pension renewed from Treaty of Picquigny in 1475.

France would pay for expenses of Henry aiding Brittany.

Henry removed all troops.

Brittany was lost to France.

43
Q

Navigation Acts 1485-6

A

Limited foreign control of English trade.

Tried to limit the Baltic Hanseatic League which dominated trade.

Spain retaliated and forbade the export of goods from Spain in foreign ships.

44
Q

Castilian Succession Crisis

A

Isabelle died in 1504.

Alliance with Netherlands collapsed.

Joanna inherited Castile and married Philip of Burgundy, heir to HRE.

Yet she was mentally unstable so Philip effectively took control, angering Ferdinand.

45
Q

Treaty of Blois 1505

A

Between France and Ferdinand.

Philip went to Castile but got shipwrecked in England and died the following year.

46
Q

Marriage to Catherine

A

Married to Arthur in 1501 but he dies a year later.

Tried to persuade Ferdinand to marry her to Henry, he refuses.

Henry gained papal dispensation and married them in 1503 although Catherine didnt agree and Henry kept the dowry.

47
Q

Trade with Burgundy

A

Major export markets.

War of the Roses diminished trade.

Limited from 1493-6 when trade was blocked as they supported Warbeck.

48
Q

Intercursus Magnus 1496

A

Free trade anywhere in Philip’s lands but Flanders.

Ends Embargo.

English traders would receive impartial justice in local courts, this wasn’t enforced.

Philip wanted English support against France as they were trying to swallow them up.

49
Q

Treaty of Windsor/Intercursus Malus 1506

A

Extorted out of Philip when he was shipwrecked.

Terms never implemented as he died the following year.

Spain/France/Netherlands rejected them causing Henry to be isolated.

50
Q

League of Venice

A

Originally established in 1495.

Set up by Italian states to resist French invasion.

Excluded Henry until 1496 as it wasn’t in his interest - yet saved him from wasting money on war where he wouldn’t get a lot out of it.

Renamed Holy league.

51
Q

League of Cambrai 1508

A

Excluded Henry after Intercursus Malus.

Bad for England because it became isolated.

Good for England because it excluded Henry from expensive war where little would have been gained.

52
Q

Scotland Relations

A

James IV was a minor in 1488 when he came to the throne and regents wanted to renew the Auld Alliance - overthrew them in 1492.

when he came of age he wanted war so supported Warbeck in 1495.

53
Q

Treaty of Ayton 1497

A

James didn’t abandon France.

Henry married Margaret to James in 1503.

No conflict for the rest of Henry’s reign.

Warbeck had to flee.

54
Q

‘Perpetual Peace’ 1502

A

Unsuccessful.

James expanded his navy.

Border skirmishes continued.

55
Q

Trade with Denmark/Norway

A

Treaties signed in 1489/90 were a failure as Hanse’s position was restored and Henry was scared they’d support Yorkist rebels so didn’t enforce it.

Tudors (3 decks)

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