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Mocks 2022 - Tudors > Henry VII > Flashcards

Henry VII Flashcards

1
Q

What did Henry do in October to help secure the throne?

A

He arranged his coronation for a week before the first meeting in parliament on 7th of November to show his right to the throne was hereditary not just based on parliamentary sanctions
Made key appointments to his councils as household e.g. Sir Reginald Bray as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

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2
Q

What did Henry issue in October to help secure the throne?

A

Parliamentary Acts of Attainder against Yorkists who fought at the Battle of Bosworth so they’re property became forfeit to the crown

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3
Q

Hoe did Henry initially increase his income?

A

By demanding the customs revenues of tonnage and poundage for life at his first parliament

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4
Q

What were Acts of Attainder?

A

Noble declared guilty of rebelling against a monarch.

lose his title, lands and sometimes his head, heirs were also disinherited

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5
Q

What was tonnage and poundage?

A

The right to raise revenue for the whole reign from imports and exports

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6
Q

Who did Henry have to reduce the power of?

A

The nobles who had caused the previous period of instability to enhance their own authority

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7
Q

Why was John de la Pole a threat?

A

He was a Yorkist claimant.
He was nephew of Edward IV and Richard III
Designated successor of Richard III
Regarded as the Yorkist leader after Bosworth

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8
Q

Why was Edward (earl of Warwick) a threat?

A

He was a Yorkist claimant
He was nephew of Edward IV and Richard III
Imprisoned in tower of London 1485 (aged 10)
Beheaded for alleged conspiracy with Perkin Warbeck , 1499

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9
Q

Who were two main threats?

A 
Yorkist supporters (e.g. Lovell and Stafford)
Margaret of Burgundy (sister of Edward IV and Richard III) as she was able and willing to fund Yorkist ambitions
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10
Q

What did Viscount Lovell and the Staffords do and when?

A

1486- Minor rising focused on traditional Yorkist Heartlands of Yorkshire and midlands
Led by Viscount Lovell and Humphrey Stafford with his brother Thomas
Attracted little support and was easily suppressed
Lovell escaped to Burgundy, Humphrey Stafford was captured and executed (Thomas was pardoned)

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11
Q

Why was the Lovell rebellion significant?

A

It showed there was little support for a Yorkist rising at this point

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12
Q

Who arranged a Yorkist conspiracy with Lambert Simnel as a figure head in 1487?

A

Arranged by Earl of Lincoln (John de la Pole) - used Lambert Simnel as a figurehead

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13
Q

What did Simnel do?

A

He impersonated the Earl of Warwick and was crowned as King Edward in Ireland (may 1487)

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14
Q

What were the results of the Simnel plan?

A

Henry exhibited the real Earl of Warwick in London
Lincoln fled to the court of Margaret of Burgundy and joined Lovell - persuading Margaret to support Simnel and pay for a force of mercenaries (hired soldiers who work for pay with no commitments to the cause) to invade England

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15
Q

Where did the Simnel rebels land and what was the outcome?

A

Landed in Cumberland supported by 2,000 German mercenaries provided by Margaret of Burgundy, and crossed the Pennines and tried to muster support in the Yorkist heartland but they failed to attract followers
Henry’s army defeated the mercenary army at the battle of stoke field (June 1487)

Simnel captured but Henry recognised him as harmless and employed him in the royal kitchens

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16
Q

Who was killed at the Battle of Stoke?

A

The earl of Lincoln

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17
Q

For what two reasons did Henry’s support grow?

A

His lenient treatment of the rebels won over some Yorkists who had previously opposed him
He began to use the policy of bonds of good behaviour

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18
Q

What was the Perkin Warbeck imposture?

A

Imposture of a cloth trader from Flanders who claimed to be Richard - duke of York (one of Edward IV’s sons and one of the two murdered princes in them tower)

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19
Q

What happened with Warbeck in 1491 and 1492?

A

1491- Warbeck began to impersonate Richard in Ireland
Brief period in France but forced to flee
1492- He fled to the court of Margaret of Burgundy - was trained as potential Yorkist prince and began to draw English courtiers into his conspiracies

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20
Q

What happened with Warbeck in 1495 and 1496?

A

1495- He attempted to land in England but was quickly defeated as Henry had been informed of his intentions by royal agent Robert Clifford and fled to the court of James IV of Scotland
1496- He tried to invade England with a small Scottish force - this soon retreated and James IV agreed to Marry Henry’s daughter, Margaret

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21
Q

What happened with Warbeck in 1497 and 1499?

A

1497- He tried to claim the throne by exploiting the Cornish rebellion- his forces were crushed - Warbeck surrendered he was treated leniently at first but tired to escape so confined to tower
1499- He was tired and executed a long with the Earl of Warwick

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22
Q

What was the significance of the Perkin Warbeck imposture?

A

Patronage from foreign rulers made Warbeck a potentially serious threat and demonstrated how fragile Henry’s position was considered to be by foreign rulers
The involvement of William Stanley (Head of the royal household and was Lord Chamberlain) showed Henry’s vulnerability even within his own household

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23
Q

What was the function of the council learned?

A

To maintain the king’s revenue and to exploit his prerogative rights.
It made the system of bonds and recognisances work effectively therefore helping to ensure loyalty and finance

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24
Q

What was the council learned not recognised as?

A

A court of law so there was no right of appeal against and it bypassed the normal legal system

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25
Q

What were Empson and Dudley known for and what happened to them?

A

Known for their ruthless extraction of money from the king’s subjects - this made them unpopular and feared and created enemies out of some of the king’s other advisors
They were removed and executed after Henry’s death

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26
Q

What was the royal court?

What was a persons power determined by?

A

The centre of Government - and a system in which a person’s power was determined by his relationship with the monarch

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27
Q

Who presided over the chamber?

A

Presided over by the Lord Chamberlain (a powerful courtier who was also a member of the king’s council and often spoke for the monarch

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28
Q

What happened to the chamber in 1495 after the involvement of sir William Stanley in the Perkin Warbeck conspiracy?

A

Henry remodelled the chamber as the Privy Chamber - he could retreat into this protected by him most trusted servants.

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29
Q

What did 2 bodies did parliament consist of (still exists today) and was it important?

A

House of Commons and the House of lords (more important)

It met infrequently so was not central to government

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30
Q

Who could call parliament and how often did Henry do so?

When and why was it most frequent?

A

Only the king could call it
Demonstrated power by calling it early November
Only called it 7 times in his reign (five in the first 10 years and only 2 in the last 14 years) - showing when Henry felt more secure parliament wasn’t needed

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31
Q

How effective war parliament under Henry?

A

The king appeared to accept its decisions and operated fairly effectively but was used very little

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32
Q

How much did income did Crown lands generate?

A

£12,000 at the start of the reign (collected by inefficient court of Exchequer)

By the end of the reign = £42,000 per year

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33
Q

What were some other methods used by Henry to grand revenue?

A 
Ordinary revenue -
Customs revenue 
Legal systems and profits of justice (includes fines and incomes from bonds)
Bonds and recognisances 
Clerical taxes and grants
Loans and benevolences
Parliamentary grants
Pensions from other powers (Treaty of Epales in France 1492 = £5000 per annum) 
Crown lands .

Extraordinary revenue - Henry received over £400,000 from extraordinary taxation
Profits of Justice (including bonds) 1504-07 at least £200,000 was promised but not all was collected

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34
Q

Who controlled the north west?

Who controlled the rest of the North/North East

A

The Stanleys controlled the north-west
The earl of Northumberland ruled the north east until 1489 until the Earl of Surrey was released from prison and sent to the north - surrey then served loyally for ten years

35
Q

At a local level who did Henry gradually increase the powers of?

A

Justice of the peace (JPs) who together with the sheriff (responsible for elections to parliament and peacekeeping) were appointed to each county to maintain law and order in the countryside

36
Q

Who were JPs and what were they responsible for?

A

They were unpaid and mostly local gentry (sense of duty or hope of advancement) - a few were royal officials

They were responsible for routine administration e.g. tax assessment, complaints against local officials and maintenance of law and order

37
Q

What could the Court of King’s bench overturn?

A

Could overturn the decisions of the lesser courts

38
Q

What was the Great Council?

A

A gathering of the House of Lords.

Only met 5 times in total in Henry’s reign.

Usually concerned itself with issues relating to war or rebellion.

It was a means of biding the nobility to key decisions relating to national security.

39
Q

What price did Henry’s extraordinary revenue come at?

A

Helped to provoke rebellions of 1489 and 1497

40
Q

How much money did Henry leave?

A

In total, he left plate and jewels worth around £300,000 and £10,000 in cash

41
Q

What did Henry’s Privy chamber mean for his traditional contacts of court?

A

Made it more difficult for the kings favour to be gained and cut Henry off from many of the King’s traditional contacts of court

42
Q

Which acts proved that Henry was focused on national security early on?

A

His first two parliaments passed numerous acts of attainder - individuals could be declared guilty without trial

43
Q

Which acts proved that Henry was concerned with finance in parliament?

A

His first parliament granted tonnage and poundage for life and others granted extraordinary revenue ( one off payments - allowing king to wage war)

44
Q

What were Profits from wardship?

How much did he earn from it?

A

(when property was held by a minor) In 1487, wardships provided Henry with just £350. By 1507, wardships were earning Henry £6,000 a year.

45
Q

What was feudal aid and when was it granted?

A

Feudal aid granted in 1504 (The crown’s right to impose taxes for certain services)

46
Q

what happened in 1489 with Brittany and France?

A

Henry summoned Parliament to grant him extraordinary revenue to raise an army against the French.
Treaty of Redon- Henry agreed to support the claim of Duke Francis’ young daughter, Duchesse Anne (who would pay for a small English army to defend Brittainy) although he was conscious not to antagonise the French

47
Q

What happened in 1492 when Henry learned that France were in Italy?

A

Based on intelligence that Charles was more interested in invading Italy than fighting the English henry raised two parliamentary subsidies and invaded France with 26,000 men. The French rapidly sought peace

48
Q

What was signed in November 1492?

A

The Treaty of Etaples - Charles agreed that he would no longer assist any pretenders to the English throne - Henry also received a pension of £159,000 paid in annual instalments of £5,000 a year as compensation for the expense of having a recruited an army for invasion - and this was 5% of Henry’s annual income
(Dynastic +national interests + increased finance )

49
Q

What was the problem with the Netherlands/Burgundy and who controls them?

A

Margaret, Maximillian and Philip supported the pretenders to Henry’s throne (Simnel and Warbeck) so relationships deteriorated

50
Q

What did Henry do in 1493 following Margaret’s support of Perkin Warbeck?
Who did this effect the most in England?

A

Trade Embargo with Burgundy in 1493 as he was more concerned with securing the dynasty than protecting the commercial interests of London,

Decision was unpopular with London and east-coast merchants who’s interests were sacrificed )

51
Q

What did Henry VII and Philip IV agree in 1496?

A

The intercursus magnus in 1496 which ended the trade embargo.
Margaret recognised Henry’s position as King (after Warbeck left Burgundy this was signed)

52
Q

What treaty was signed in 1507 between England and Burgundy?

A

A third treaty reverting to the terms of the first intercursus magnus

53
Q

In 1508 how was Henry diplomatically isolated?

A

By not being signatory to the League of Cambrai which was formed by the HRE, France, Spain and the Papacy

54
Q

What was signed in 1489 with Spain? (F+I)

A

The treaty of Medina del Campo agreed a marriage alliance between Catherine of Aragon (F+I’s youngest daughter) and Arthur, they agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders and the two monarchs offered mutual protection in the event of an attack

55
Q

What did James IV of Scotland do between 1495 and 1496?

A

Supported the pretender Perkin Warbeck (he stayed for two years at Scottish court and received not only a pension but an aristocratic marriage to the King’s cousin, Lady Catherine Gordon) and provided a small army to invade England in 1496- war was threatened

56
Q

When did Scotland and England make a truce and what was it called?

A

1497 - Treaty of Ayton (became a full peace treaty in 1502) as the Cornish rebellion of this year shook Henry and made it evident it was in the interests of both E and S to secure am immediate truce (few miles North of the English border stronghold of Berwick upon tweed)

57
Q

What happened in 1501-1503 regarding Scotland?

A

It was agreed that James IV should marry Henry’s daughter Margaret
In 1502 this was sanctioned by a formal peace treaty (The Treaty of Perpetual Peace) and the marriage took place in 1503
The improvement in relations lasted until the end of H’s reign (successful in ensuring security of the dynasty)

58
Q

Who rules Ireland?

A

Henry rules only part of the ‘pale land’ around Dublin and the rest was ruled by independent chieftains from the descendants of the Anglo-Norman barons who had settled there in the 12 century (most important = Fitzgerald’s and Butlers)

59
Q

Who was the Earl of Kildare (Lord deputy of Ireland) and why was he a threat to Henry?

A

The leader of the Fitzgerald’s/ Geraldine’s

Due to his Yorkist sympathies. He crowned Lambert Simnel king of Ireland in 1486 and supported Perkin Warbeck in 1491

60
Q

What was Henry’s response to Kildare’s actions?

A

Instead of relying on the established Irish aristocracy, who were cheap but unreliable, he attempted the most costly approach of rule of the ‘pale’ through an Englishman, backed by armed forces
He appointed his infant son (Henry) as Lieutenant of Ireland and appointed with Sir Edward Ponyings as his deputy

61
Q

What did Edward Ponyings then do and was he successful?

A

Initially successful in establishing royal authority by means of the threat of force and bribery
He got the Irish Parliament to pass the ‘Ponyings’ law’ of 1495 which declared that Irish Parliament needed the approval of the English monarch before it could pass laws(also attempted to implement English law in Ireland)
He also tried to subdue the Irish by force

62
Q

What was Kildare later persuaded to do and what were the consequences?

A

Persuaded to abandon the Yorkist cause (having decided there was no benefit in supporting it) and was reinstated in 1495
He served Henry loyally and secured the submission of various Irish Chieftains
By 1500 Henry had established a reasonable level of control and cheap authority over Ireland
Although H was fortunate that Kildare proved so amenable, the fact Kildare was able to use his office to rebuild his family fortunes made him eager to support his former enemy

63
Q

What were the two reasons for Henry wanting to raise an army against the French in 1489 and help Brittany?

A

His sense of obligation to the Bretons

His fear that direct French control of Brittainy could increase a potential French threat against England

64
Q

What did Henry try to strengthen at the same time as the treaty of Redon in 1489 and how?

A

His position by an alliance with Maximillian (the HRE- elect) - A widower, Maximillian had contracted a marriage-by-proxy (one or both the individuals being untied is not physically present, usually represented by another person) with Anne so had no desire for the Duchy of Brittainy to fall into French hands

65
Q

What were Anglo-Scottish relations like from 1498 onwards and what was the outcome?

A

They were significantly improved and because of this, James no longer had any diplomatic use for Warbeck who had become tiresome, Warbeck was executed in 1499

66
Q

What was Henry’s problem with the strategy of using Ponyings and what was the outcome?

A

It was too expensive and the financial problems were made worse when Warbeck returned to Ireland in 1495 and amassed a force which besieged the town of Waterford
Henry (who was short of money due to threat of invasion from the Scots) was forced to recall Ponyings and once again had to depend on the cheap option of using Kildare as his deputy

67
Q

What was mined where in England?

Where was coal shipped from and to?

What enabled greater production in in Durham, in 1486? (1480’s had some growth)

A

Tin was mined in Cornwall.

Lead mined in upland areas like the high Pennines.

Coal mined in Durham and Northumberland

Much coal shipped from Newcastle to London to meet demand - also small export to Germany and the Netherlands.

Development of basic pumping technology, first recorded in county Durham in 1486 enabled greater production

68
Q

What was the biggest problem for trade that Henry was forced to implement?

How were traders forced to combat this?

A

Embargo on trade with Burgundy which he imposed in 1493, as a result of the fear and insecurity brought about by Margaret of Burgundy’s support of Perkin Warbeck .

Instead of trading directly with Burgundy, merchants were required to direct their trade through Calais - this was retaliated by the Netherlands

69
Q

What/When was the intercursus malus and why was it never fully implemented?

A

1506
Allowed English cloth to be exported without duty, seen too generous for England and
reverted in 1507

70
Q

What was the Treaty of Etaples?

A

Trading restriction which had existed since Edward IV’s reign, were removed in 1486. They were reimposed the following year as a result of Henry’s support of Brittainy but removed again by the treaty of Etaples in 1492
While not primarily a trade treaty it did encourage Anglo-French commercial relations.
The French payed £159,000 and £5,000 per annum.
Most of the remaining trade restriction were removed in 1497

71
Q

What did Henry’s trading policies/attitudes show?

A

He rated foreign policy and dynastic priorities than the interests of English merchants / trade
While interested in maximising customs revenue, he was prepared to sacrifice revenue and trade in order to secure the dynasty so was also happy for parliament to legislate in favour of sectional interests (interests of a particular group within a country)

72
Q

What/when were the two rebellions and what triggered them both?

A

Yorkshire rebellion- 1489
Cornish rebellion- 1497
Both sparked by taxation

73
Q

What happened during the Yorkshire rebellion?

A

Sparked by resentment of the taxation granted by parliament in 1489 in order to finance an army for the Brittany campaign
The earl of Northumberland was murdered by his tenants/ the rebels when his retainers deserted him (in April in the North Riding of Yorkshire

74
Q

What happened in the Cornish rebellion?

A

Arose from a tax needed to finance a campaign against Scotland - Cornish people saw this war as irrelevant to them
The people blamed the king and ministers such as Morton and Bray

75
Q

What were the effects of the rebellion?

A

In the short term it forced Henry to remove Lord Daubeney and his troops from the Scottish border to crush the rebellion
The rebellions were easily crushed and the three leaders e.g. Lord Audley, were executed (most rebels leniently treated)
Made Henry ensure Anglo-Scottish tensions were eased and made him cautious about entering further foreign conflicts
About 1,000 of the rebels were killed at the so-called Battle of Blackheath. Some were taken prisoner but many of the rebels simply fled.

76
Q

What did both the rebellions involve that made them a threat?

A

The involvement of the nobles made it a greater threat because of their level of power and the fact they were meant to support the King

77
Q

What was key to the nobles power?

A

The system which became known as bastard feudalism (or retaining) by which wealthy magnates (leading and most wealthy members of the nobility) recruited knights and gentlemen (retainers) to serve them as accountants or administrators or sometimes for military purposes
Potentially noblemen could use their retained men to bring unlawful influence on others in a court case or use them against the Crown so Henry sought to limit the military power of the nobility through legislation (but remained conscious that loyal retainers were essential to the Crown’s security

78
Q

What was Henry’s response to bastard feudalism?

A

Passed acts to take action against nobles abusing the system (had to be careful as nobles = powerful)
In 1486 - Peers and MPs required to take an oath against illegal retaining or being illegally retained (illegality here remains undefined)
1487 - law against retaining was established
1487 law reinforced by act passed in 1504 under which licences for retaining could be sought

79
Q

What was the 1504 act regarding retaining?

A

Stated that only the King could grant licences for retaining. This lasted only for the duration of the king’s lifetime
Lord Bergavenny was the significant victim of this act who was indicated for illegal retaining in 1507 and fined £100,000 (but probably paid no more than £1000 as Henry VIII pardoned him shortly after coming to the throne)

80
Q

Who were the two most important clergymen in H’s reign and what did that show?

A

John Morton and Richard Fox (both examples of administrative competence being valued above spirituality)
King also reluctant to appoint those of an aristocratic background so the higher clergy were becoming less socially exclusive

81
Q

Who were the peerage?

A

Groups of people who held one of the five ranks of the aristocracy (duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron), they were usually considerable landholders, exercised considerable power in their localities and were members of the HoL

82
Q

What were the regional differences in agriculture?

A

South and east of the line, mixed farming predominated in the more densely populated counties (especially Norfolk, Suffolk and Kent)
In more sparsely populated areas in the North and the West, pastoral farming dominated with the rearing of sheep, cattle and horses
Exceptions to this rule - Pastoral farming dominated in the Fens and grain farming and fruit growing in Herefordshire and the Welsh border counties

83
Q

What were the outcomes of the Yorkshire rebellion?

A

Easily crushed by earl of Surrey
Henry offered pardons to many of the rebels
The new Earl of Northumberland was only a minor and the Earl of Surrey was made Lieutenant- Surrey had no reason not to be loyal to Henry as his own social and political advance rested with the king.
Henry faced no more problems in the north though he failed to collect the region’s tax quota for the Brittany campaign.

84
Q

What were other causes of the Cornish rebellion?

A

Henry had issued new regulations on tin mining and suspended the privileges of the Stannaries – the local Cornish court and parliament. This hit both at the key contributor to the Cornish economy and at local independence from the centre
Cornwall had previously been exempt from tax in Scotland because of the distance
Cornwall had to pay a disproportionately large amount of the tax

Mocks 2022 - Tudors (4 decks)

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