Henry foreign policy pt 2

Question 1

1510 - Treaty of Etaples

Answer 1

Negotiated peace with France.
Success for Henry as it brought him time to attack and invade France.
Anti-French alliance with Holy Roman Empire.
Received pension.

Question 2

1512: First invasion on France

Answer 2

Henry sent an army of 10,000 men to the southwest of France.
Under the command of Marquis of Dorset.
Failure, achieved nothing.
Army were useless.

Question 3

1513: Second invasion on France (Battle of the Spurs) and wars against Scotland

Answer 3

Led by Henry himself to north eastern France.
Captured Tournai and Therouanne (French towns)
Although this did not really matter.
Success, managed to capture some French land - one of Henry’s objectives.

Question 4

1514: Marriage of Louis XII of France and Princess Mary, sister of Henry VIII

Answer 4

Success for Henry, alliance with France.

Question 5

End of 1514

Answer 5

Had no money to continue warlike foreign policy.
Unable to exploit weakness of Scotland.
Recovers pension

Question 6

1515: Death of Louis XII

Answer 6

Succeeded by Francis I.
Henry saw him as a personal and political rival.
Immediately sought alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon.
Bad for Henry - No alliance with anyone.
No longer marry anyone off.

Question 7

1516: Death of Ferdinand of Aragon

Answer 7

Treaty of Noyon establishing peace between Spain and France.
Grandson of Ferdinand, Charles V took throne and sought alliance with the French.
Left England isolated.

Question 8

1517: Treaty of Cambrai

Answer 8

Establishing peace between the Holy Roman Empire and France.
Failure, Henry showed that he was incapable of exploiting divisions and weaknesses within Scotland.

Question 9

1518: Treaty of London

Answer 9

Established general European peace.
Made by Wolsey and prompted by Pope Leo X.
Started as peace negotiations between England and France but later widened as a non-aggression pact between Spain, England, France and The Holy Roman Empire.

Success, England was no longer isolated and less chance of wars that they could not afford

Question 10

1520: Field of Cloth of Gold

Answer 10

Meeting between Henry and Francis in France.
Cost royal treasury about £15,000.

Question 11

1522: England at war with France

Answer 11

Gained little but was costly.
Parliament refused to grant extraordinary revenue to cover costs.
Failure - costly and little gained.

Question 12

1526: England linked with the Anti-Imperial League of Cognac

Answer 12

Put together by the Pope to limit the powers of the Emperor in Northern Italy.
Henry on poor terms with the Emperor and created “The Kings Great Matter”.
Made Henry a suspicion.

Question 13

1527: Sack of Rome

Answer 13

Left Pope Clement VII a virtual prisoner to the Emperor.
England offers support to France against the HRE / Spain at the Treaty of Amiens (with France).

Question 14

1533: Henry breaks with Rome

Answer 14

Solved “Great Matter”.
No repercussion in the short term.
Charles more concerned with threat by Ottoman Turks to Christian Europe.

Question 15

1538: Peace between France and the HRE

Answer 15

Through the Treaty of Nice.
Agreed to sever connections with England.
Pope Paul III - published a Papal Bull deposing Henry and thereby absolving English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler.
Appeared dangerous to Henry.

Question 16

1539: Fear of invasion in England

Answer 16

Pope attempts to unite Catholic powers in an anti-English crusade.
Pope goes to France and Scotland for support.
Six Articles Act of 1539 - reassure Catholic opinion on England.

Question 17

1540: Henry marries Anne of Cleves

Answer 17

Marriage quickly dissolves.
First encounter with Anne was with a meeting between Charles and Francis.
Henry believed that they were planning on invading England.
Charles and Francis friendship broke - leaving Henry in a more secure position.

Question 18

1542: Invasion of Scotland

Answer 18

Immediate military success.
Scots heavily defeated.
James V shortly died after hearing news of defeat.
Henry was more interested in defeating France.
Used diplomatic pressure to secure Scotish objectives (known as ‘rough wooing’)

Question 19

1543: Treaty of Greenwich

Answer 19

Between England and Scotland.
Anglo-Imperial alliance.
Henry wanted to marry Edward to Mary Queen of Scots.
Scots refused to let Mary grow up in England.
Scottish parliament refused to ratify treaty.
Became formally betrothed.

Question 20

1545: French counter-invasion of the Isle of Wight

Answer 20

Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion on England.
English defeated at the Battle of Ancrum Moor.
Separate French force landed in the Isle of Wight.
England lost.