Henry foreign policy pt 2 Flashcards
1510 - Treaty of Etaples
Negotiated peace with France.
Success for Henry as it brought him time to attack and invade France.
Anti-French alliance with Holy Roman Empire.
Received pension.
1512: First invasion on France
Henry sent an army of 10,000 men to the southwest of France.
Under the command of Marquis of Dorset.
Failure, achieved nothing.
Army were useless.
1513: Second invasion on France (Battle of the Spurs) and wars against Scotland
Led by Henry himself to north eastern France.
Captured Tournai and Therouanne (French towns)
Although this did not really matter.
Success, managed to capture some French land - one of Henry’s objectives.
1514: Marriage of Louis XII of France and Princess Mary, sister of Henry VIII
Success for Henry, alliance with France.
End of 1514
Had no money to continue warlike foreign policy.
Unable to exploit weakness of Scotland.
Recovers pension
1515: Death of Louis XII
Succeeded by Francis I.
Henry saw him as a personal and political rival.
Immediately sought alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon.
Bad for Henry - No alliance with anyone.
No longer marry anyone off.
1516: Death of Ferdinand of Aragon
Treaty of Noyon establishing peace between Spain and France.
Grandson of Ferdinand, Charles V took throne and sought alliance with the French.
Left England isolated.
1517: Treaty of Cambrai
Establishing peace between the Holy Roman Empire and France.
Failure, Henry showed that he was incapable of exploiting divisions and weaknesses within Scotland.
1518: Treaty of London
Established general European peace.
Made by Wolsey and prompted by Pope Leo X.
Started as peace negotiations between England and France but later widened as a non-aggression pact between Spain, England, France and The Holy Roman Empire.
Success, England was no longer isolated and less chance of wars that they could not afford
1520: Field of Cloth of Gold
Meeting between Henry and Francis in France.
Cost royal treasury about £15,000.
1522: England at war with France
Gained little but was costly.
Parliament refused to grant extraordinary revenue to cover costs.
Failure - costly and little gained.
1526: England linked with the Anti-Imperial League of Cognac
Put together by the Pope to limit the powers of the Emperor in Northern Italy.
Henry on poor terms with the Emperor and created “The Kings Great Matter”.
Made Henry a suspicion.
1527: Sack of Rome
Left Pope Clement VII a virtual prisoner to the Emperor.
England offers support to France against the HRE / Spain at the Treaty of Amiens (with France).
1533: Henry breaks with Rome
Solved “Great Matter”.
No repercussion in the short term.
Charles more concerned with threat by Ottoman Turks to Christian Europe.
1538: Peace between France and the HRE
Through the Treaty of Nice.
Agreed to sever connections with England.
Pope Paul III - published a Papal Bull deposing Henry and thereby absolving English Catholics from the need to obey their ruler.
Appeared dangerous to Henry.
1539: Fear of invasion in England
Pope attempts to unite Catholic powers in an anti-English crusade.
Pope goes to France and Scotland for support.
Six Articles Act of 1539 - reassure Catholic opinion on England.
1540: Henry marries Anne of Cleves
Marriage quickly dissolves.
First encounter with Anne was with a meeting between Charles and Francis.
Henry believed that they were planning on invading England.
Charles and Francis friendship broke - leaving Henry in a more secure position.
1542: Invasion of Scotland
Immediate military success.
Scots heavily defeated.
James V shortly died after hearing news of defeat.
Henry was more interested in defeating France.
Used diplomatic pressure to secure Scotish objectives (known as ‘rough wooing’)
1543: Treaty of Greenwich
Between England and Scotland.
Anglo-Imperial alliance.
Henry wanted to marry Edward to Mary Queen of Scots.
Scots refused to let Mary grow up in England.
Scottish parliament refused to ratify treaty.
Became formally betrothed.
1545: French counter-invasion of the Isle of Wight
Francis I sent troops to Scotland to reinforce a possible invasion on England.
English defeated at the Battle of Ancrum Moor.
Separate French force landed in the Isle of Wight.
England lost.
