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OCR A level tudor history > Henry 8th > Flashcards

Henry 8th Flashcards

1
Q

How was Henry’s childhood different to his father’s?

A

Bought up in a royal household, became Duke of York aged 2 and Prince of Wales in 1503. Grew up with sons of nobility and thus surrounded by yes men

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2
Q

What did Henry enjoy doing in his spare time?

A

Sport: jousting, tennis, hunting Languages: French and Latin Music - no interest in government

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3
Q

How was Henry’s early reign SIMILAR to his father’s?

A

Married quickly - marriage to brother’s widow, Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon in 1509

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4
Q

How was Henry’s early reign DIFFERENT to his father’s?

A

Did not need to consolidate throne.

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5
Q

What 3 important decisions did Henry make in the first 5 years of his reign?

A

1510 - Executed Empson and Dudley
1511 - Joined anti-French Holy League
1513 - War with France

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6
Q

Why was Wolsey appointed?

A

Skill - gained a degree from Oxford age 15
Luck - many of Henry VII’s advisors had retired
Experience - Henry VII’s Chaplain
Personality - hard-worker, good at flattery

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7
Q

What happened to Wolsey in 1515?

A

Became Lord Chancellor and Cardinal

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8
Q

What did S. Gunn say about Wolsey?

A

“His authority as Henry’s chief minister was so great, and his apparent responsibility for all areas of government policy so sweeping that politicians and political commentators had either to be entirely for Wolsey or against him”

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9
Q

What were Henry’s foreign policy aims?

A

Wealth and territory - funding wars
Diplomatic success - ensure England wasn’t isolated
Military Glory - conquer France
Individual alliances - further his power

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10
Q

What happened at the war against France in 1513?

A

Henry led an army of 30,000 to Calais in 1513

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11
Q

Was the 1513 French war a success?

A

Captured Therouanne and Tournai
Secured marriage of sister Mary to Philip of Spain

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12
Q

Was the 1513 French war a failure?

A

Towns captured were expensive to garison. Gave Therouanne to HRE Maximillian. Scotland renewed Auld Alliance

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13
Q

What happened with Scotland in 1513?

A

Battle of Flodden - Scotland defeated by English army of 15-20,000. James died and 1/3 of Scottish army killed

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14
Q

How much did Henry spend on war 1511-13?

A

£960,000

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15
Q

Which Treaty was made in 1518 and who did it involve?

A

Treaty of London - more than 2 dozen countries involved, ended isolation in Europe, returned Tournai to France

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16
Q

What diplomatic event happened in 1520? Was it a success or a failure?

A

Field of the Cloth of Gold with France. Expensive but cheaper than war. 3,000 nobles present. Excluded HRE Charles. No diplomatic agreements reached.

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17
Q

What was Henry awarded in 1521, why and by whom?

A

Defender of the Faith by the Pope for his devotion to Catholicism and defence of Sacraments (raised to be Archbishop of Canterbury)

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18
Q

Why was 1521 a turning point for foreign policy?

A

Treaty of Bruges, beginning of Hapsburg-Valois conflict, Treaty of London ended, France invaded Luxembourg

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19
Q

What was the Treaty of Bruges?

A

1521 - made by Wolsey with Charles (anti-French). Countries would defend one another in war against France, kept a secret so that England would still receive French Pension. Charles betrothed to Mary Tudor

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20
Q

What happened as a result of the Treaty of Bruges?

A

Second French War - Charles and Francis fighting over Milan, England forced into expensive war costing £400,000 and taxes raised led to unrest

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21
Q

How significant was the failure of the Amicable Grant?

A

Henry unable to join war against France, unpopular - public protests, blamed on Wolsey

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22
Q

Why was 1525 a turning point for English foreign policy?

A

HRE Charles married Isabella of Portugal rather than Mary, Henry abandoned alliance with Spain to pursue a policy with France

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23
Q

What was the Treaty of the More?

A

1525 - France agreed to pay annual pension of £20,000 in return for Henry giving up claim to France

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24
Q

What was the League of Cognac?

A

1526 - France, Papacy, Venice and Florence - to put pressure on Charles to cease violence in Milan. Henry refused to join.

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25
What was the Treaty of Westminster
1527 - Henry joined League of Cognac, Francis or heir betrothed to Mary
26
What was the Sack of Rome and its consequences?
Charles achieved victory in Rome and took control of Pope - choice to ally with France backfired
27
What was the Treaty of Amiens?
1527 - Treaty with France, declaration of war and trade embargo on Charles (English cloth-workers protested against this)
28
What was the Treaty of Cambrai?
1529 - ended wars between France and Spain. Confirmed Charles' control of Italy. Henry not invited to join - isolated
29
When was the Battle of Landriano?
June 1529
30
What was the Court of Star Chamber?
Created by Henry VII with Sanction of parliament in 1487 intended to end perversion of English justice by powerful nobles who used intimidation and bribery to win favorable verdicts in court cases. King Councilors sat as judges, more equitable & amenable to royal will.
31
What 5 areas did Wolsey's domestic policy focus on?
Legal reforms Social reforms Financial reforms Relations with nobility Administration
32
Why was Wolsey's domestic policy not very successful?
Prioritised foreign policy. Used legal system to own benefit. Resented by nobles. Amicable Grant rebellion. Only summoned Parliament twice
33
How did Wolsey personify all that was wrong with the Catholic church?
Pressured Pope to make him Cardinal Pluralist Took vow of celibacy but fathered 2 children Built Hampton Court with church money
34
What did Peter Gwyn say about Wolsey and the church?
"personified all that was wrong with the late Medieval church"
35
Why was the church important to ordinary people?
Organised social calendar - celebration days Provided education and healthcare Bible only accessible via church Had to pay tithe - 10% of income
36
Summarise the Hunne Case
1515 - Hunne challenged the church after he was ordered to pay high fees on the death of his infant son. Charged with treason and died imprisoned awaiting trial. Trialed regardless, guilty of heresy, body burned. Fuelled anti-clericalism
37
Summarise the Standish Affair
1518 - Standish, spiritual advisor to the King, disagreed with the Benefit of the Clergy and suggested that this put the power of the church above that of the king - Henry agreed but Wolsey begged him to preserve the Benefit of the Clergy
38
List 5 clerical abuses?
Simony - selling church roles Pluralism - holding more than one ecclesiastical role at once Nepotism - using power to give jobs to friends Sexual Misconduct Non-residence
39
What fact suggests the church was popular with the ordinary people in the 1520s?
Between 1520 and 1529, 57% of people in Devon and Cornwall left money to the church in their wills
40
What did the ordination rates of the 1520s suggest about the church?
Remained high - few people would be willing to dedicate their lives to an organisation that was dying
41
What was the problem with uneducated priests?
Some unable to perform basic services and recite Lord's Prayer or 10 Commandments BUT out of 260 parishes only 4 priests were uneducated
42
What were the three reasons for Henry seeking an annulment?
Want for legitimate male heir Conscience Love for Anne Boleyn
43
What biblical evidence supports Henry's belief that marrying his brother's widow was immoral?
"If a man marries his brother's wife, it is an act of impurity; he has dishonored his brother. They will be childless." - Leviticus 20:21
44
Why did Henry need to remarry in order to have an heir?
Mary was female (female rule frowned upon) Catherine was passed child-bearing age and only 1 of 6 pregnancies in 9 years had resulted in a child
45
What did Peter Gwyn say about Henry's want for an annulment?
"The one argument for the divorce that Henry never made in public was that he had fallen in love with Anne, for to have done so would have been tactically foolish'
46
What 3 methods did Wolsey attempt to use to obtain a divorce?
Scriptural - questioned validity of Papal Dispensation by suggesting Catherine's marriage to Arthur had been consummated Diplomatic Legal Affairs - announce divorce would take place in England without the Pope present
47
How were divorce proceedings delayed?
Catherine's speech at the Legatine Court at Blackfriars in 1529 - refused the divorce Pope sent Cardinal Campeggio to observe and delay proceedings
48
What were the four main reasons for Wolsey's fall in 1529?
Failure to obtain an annulment for Henry Foreign policy failures Court Factionalism (the Boleyn faction) Failure of the Amicable Grant 1525
49
What happened to Wolsey in 1529?
Dismissed from Lord Chancellorship and charged with Praemunire. Surrendered possessions to Henry
50
When was Wolsey arrested?
4th November 1530, charged with treason and died at Leicester Abbey on the way to his execution
51
What were Henry's motives for the break from Rome
Henry wanted a male heir Popular anti-clericalism The influence of Cromwell Furthering wealth and power Conscience Influence of the Boleyn Faction
52
What Act was passed in February 1533?
Act in Restraint of Appeals - prevents appeals to Pope on religious matters
53
What Act was passed in January 1534?
Act in Restraint of Annates - stopped payments to Rome
54
When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?
1536-37
55
Who perpetrated the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Richard Aske, Sir Francis Bigod, Lord Darcy
56
What were the aims of the Pilgrimage of Grace?
Prevent dissolution of monasteries End heavy taxation from 1534 Subsidy Act Wanted Mary to be made legitimate
57
Why did the Pilgrimage of Grace fail?
Bigod Revolt of January 1537 failed - Bigod arrested in Cumberland Aske, Darcy and 178 others executed
58
Was the Pilgrimage of Grace a threat to Henry's government?
Yes - supported by nobles, showed Henry's laws weren't popular, well-organised No - didn't want to overthrow Henry, just questioned the decisions, no foreign involvement
59
How many rebels took part in the Pilgrimage of Grace?
40,000 - outnumbered King's forces 5:1
60
What happened in 1535?
The Valor Ecclesiasticus - survey of churches to quantify land owned by the church
61
What were the 4 causes of the fall of Cromwell?
Religion, foreign policy, faction and marriages
62
Which key individuals were part of the CONSERVATIVE faction?
Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk Bishop Stephen Gardiner Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey Thomas Wriothesley
63
Which key individuals were part of the REFORMIST faction?
Thomas Cromwell Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury Sir Anthony Denny and William Paget Edward Seymour, Earl of Hertford/Duke of Somerset John Dudley Catherine Parr
64
What two key events happened in 1540?
Cromwell executed, Henry married Catherine Howard
65
What act passed in 1539?
Act of Precedence - outlined the order of importance of key people in England
66
What were Cromwell's crimes?
Cromwell's crimes? Releasing men accused or convicted of treason, misusing & expropriating funds, taking bribes, making appointments without royal approval being a 'detestable heretic' & 'a maintainer and supporter of heretics', speaking treasonable words
67
What did Cromwell do to revolutionise government?
Reorganised financial departments, created Privy Council in 1536, created a sovereign law-making Parliament
68
What were Henry's foreign policy aims in his final years?
Military glory, trade, diplomacy, securing dynasty
69
Why did Henry go to war with Scotland in the 1540s?
James didn't attend an arranged meeting in 1541 Auld alliance with France Marched troops over border in 1542 Sheltered rebels from Pilgrimage of Grace
70
What happened during the Scottish War in the 1540s?
Scottish army defeated at Battle of Solway Moss King James died - Mary became infant queen Proposed marriage between Mary and Edward
71
What were the causes of the 3rd French War in 1543?
Wanted military glory so he could seize French throne, joined with Charles V to invade, 40,000 strong army invaded France in 1543
72
What happened during the 3rd French War?
Captured Boulogne in 1544, Charles withdrew from the conflict
73
What Treaty was made in 1546?
Treaty of Camp - made peace with France
74
How much did the 3rd French War cost?
£2 million from the dissolution. Forced to implement debasement

OCR A level tudor history (3 decks)

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