Henry 8 - Rise of Wolsey and his policies Flashcards
1
Q
Society in England 1509
A
- Henry’s father, Henry VII became king in 1485
- Henry’s older brother, Arthur, died leading to Henry VII keeping Henry away from the outside world to make sure he had a male heir
- Henry VIII was unskilled when became ruler when he was 18
- Only 6% of the population lived in towns with 60,000 in London
- Roman Catholicsm was prominent
2
Q
Henry becomes king
A
- Henry never expected to become king
- Arthur died in 1502
- Henry VII became paranoid and he was led to keeping Henry VIII under close watch
- Henry was a keen jouster but he was then banned by Henry
- Henry was not sent to the Welsh Marches to learn to govern
3
Q
Henry’s initial popularity
A
- His lack of experience did not deter Henry, this was greeted with enthusiasm
- His father was a tired old man and he was a young enthusiastic man
- Henry distanced himself from his father by arresting two ministers of Henry VII’ failed financial policies
- The king still had a lot to learn
4
Q
Henry VIII Charcteristics
A
- Powerful athlete and had passions for jousting and archery
- Pursued pleasure above state affairs
- On a tour around the UK, people found young Henry generous and affectionate
- True renaissance man
- Spoke French, Spanish and Latin
- Loved to wear fine clothes
5
Q
Henry’s views on monarchy
A
- Henry was deeply religious
- Henry had a huge ego and would have seen himself as the only thing that mattered through the divine right of kings
- Henry was stubborn and hus advisors found it hard to negotiate with Henners
6
Q
Tudor Society
A
- Henry’s England was a ranked society and there were few opportunities to move up the social ladder
- God was at the top of the ‘Great Chain of Being’
- Everyone followed the Roman Catholic faith
7
Q
Hierachy in countryside
A
- Nobles
- Gentry
- Yeomen
- Farmers
- Labouring poor
- Homeless
8
Q
Hierachy in towns
A
- Merchants
- Professionals
- Business Owners
- Skilled Craftsman
- Unskilled Workers
9
Q
Componets of Henry’s government
A
- The king
- Royal Household
- Privy Chamber
- Royal Council
- Court
- Parliament
- Justices of the peace
10
Q
Role of the king
A
- Ruled the country and made all importanr decisions on blth foreign and domestic affairs
- Settled disputes between nobles
- Made war decisions
11
Q
Role of the Royal Household
A
- Mixed membership of nobles and servants that provided the King with clothes, food etc
- The king held audiences in the Royal Household
12
Q
Privy Chamber
A
- Made up of the King’s closest noble friends
- Looked after personal needs
- Had the power to influence politics
- Headed by the groom of the stool
13
Q
Royal Council
A
- Groupmof advisors selected for the nobility and the church
- Provided guidlines and handled state matters
14
Q
Court
A
- Made up of the monarch’s key advisors, friends and servants
- Mainly nobility
- Known as courtiers
- Displayed the wealth of Henry
- Being able to attend required the monarch’s permission
15
Q
Parliament
A
- Made up of the House of Lords and House of Commons
- Passed laws requested by the King and put taxes in place
16
Q
Justices of the Peace
A
- Large landowners who maintained peace in local areas
17
Q
Henry’s attitude towards the government
A
- Relied heavily on the Privy Chamber and Royal Council
- Later relied heavily on the chief minister
- Opposite to his father
18
Q
Henry’s attitudes towards kingship
A
- Wanted to model his reign on the Great Renaissance monarchies such as France and Spain
- The king was a towering figure with a strong court and with a strong culture
- Wanted to also model his reign of great English rulers
19
Q
Henry’s aims as a monarch
A
- Wanted to decide on England’s policies
- Achive glorious foreign war victories
- Create a rich court through art and culture
- Attract great man to his court such as scholars
- Perform traditional duties
20
Q
Strengths of Henry’s monarch 1509
A
- Popular with the English population
- Inherited a rich country
- England had a stable established government
- Loved his wife, Catherine of Aragon, which gave strong links to Spain
- Had experienced advisors around him
- Ambitious
21
Q
Weaknesses of Hnery’s monarchy in 1509
A
- Had little experience of government
- Had little desire to get involved in day to day governing of England
- Attitude was simplistic
- Wanted England to go to war as soon as possible
- Large ego
22
Q
Thomas Wolsey
A
First chief minister to Henry VIII
23
Q
Reasons for Wolsey’s rise to power
A
- Charming and gifted
- Following being appointed lord chancellor, he dominated England’s legal, financial and administrative systems
- Also was Archbishop of York and then became a cardinal
- Skilled a building relationships
- His ego was a direct contrats to Henry’s
24
Q
More reasons for Wolsey’s rise to power
A
- Was the son of an Ipswich butler, meaning he was lower class and had no possibility of gaining any divine power
- Well educated as he worked hard to get to Oxford University
- Ambitious
- Enjoyed performing menial tasks
25
Q
Further reasons for Wolsey’s rise to power
A
- Wolsey was lucky, Henry was bored of his fathers old legal advisors, many were arrested or retired so Wolsey rapidly rose up the ranks
- Wolsey proved he was willing and able. In 1513, he supplied a piwerful army to fight France
- Became a papal legate
26
Q
Wolsey’s lifestyle
A
- Lived a lavish life with a lot of money
- Built palaces with his money to entertain foreign guests
- Had around 500 servants which was equal to the Royal Household
- Funded artists and musicians
- Loved to show off his wealth through flattery
- He would sue those who threatened him
27
Q
Wolsey’s judicial reforms
A
- Originally, the system was flawed as it favoured the nobility
- Wolsey made a point when he was appointed that no one was above the law as he sent the Earl of Northumberland to prison
- Strengthend the court of the Star Chamber which gave justice to all
- He wanted revenge on the upper classes for treating the lower classes poorly
- Manipulated the legal system to favour him
28
Q
How Wolsey secured a fairer legal system
A
- Supported cases of the poor against the rich
- Oversaw many cases in person
- Increased the courts work rate from 12 cases a year to 120
- Made the reasoning for his decisions public
- Encouraged poor people to bring cases to court
29
Q
Enclosure
A
- Landowners fencing-off land to turn a profit from sheep rearing
- Blamed for poverty issue as this was common land intended for villagers to graze their animals
- Associated with selfishness
30
Q
Wolsey and Enclosure
A
- Wolsey tried to find a solution to enclosure, partly to aid he poor and partly to attack the rich
- This led to 260 court cases against landowners
- This led to a rise in Wolsey’s popularity from commoners
- He became unpopular with landowners in parliament and they forced him to stop
- Encolsure still remained an issue
31
Q
Wolsey’s financing
A
- Henry wanted an agressive foreign campaign to prove himself a great king in Europe
- His normal income was £110,000 this was not enough
- Wolsey had to find a solution and he realised direct taxation was not working
32
Q
Direct taxation in Tudor times
A
- Each community had to pay a certain amount to parliament when called upon
- This was one fifteenth in rural areas and one tenth in urban areas
- This was known as fifteenths and tenths
- The valuations were based on data from the 14th century so it was outdated
- But it was reliable and predictable but still not enough
33
Q
Wolsey’s finance solution
A
- Subsidy was an additional tax based upon a person’s income
- Commisoners would go around the country to create valuations
- Subsidy raised around £170,000 whilst fifteenths and tenths raised £90,000
- This helped to pay a war with France
34
Q
Other methods Wolsey raised money
A
- Forced loans - £260,000
- Clerical Taxation - £240,000
35
Q
Impact of Wolsey’s financial policies
A
- This ensured there was never a financial crisis in Henry’s early reign
- But it still could not keep up with Henry’s spending
- Around £1.4 million was spent on taxes
- Wolsey became unpopular amongst commoners
36
Q
Reasons for the Amicable Grant, 1525
A
- Charles V of France was defeated and captured in 1525, Henry wanted take this opportunity to invade France as it was vulnerable
- But due to a failed invasion of France 1523, England had little money
- Wolsey had already demanded subsidies and forced loans
- Wolsey needed to find a solution to this, his solution was a tax without parliament’s position
37
Q
Parliament’s role in taxes
A
- Parliament’s main role was to make sure the king did not tax the country too hard
- Fifteenths and tenths and subsidy had been approved by parliament
- If parliament was ignored, there was a risk of rebellion against the king’s rule
38
Q
Features of the Amicable Grant
A
- Demanded that priests pay one third of their incomes whilst everyone else payed one sixth
- Commisoners were sent out to collect tax and were greeted with anger
- People simply refused to pay
- A rebellion broke out in Suffolk who pledged loyalty to the crown but also said they were angry
- The Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk crushed this and forced the rebels to surrender
39
Q
Consequences of the Amicable Grant
A
- First significant rebellion of Henry’s reign
- Henry claimed that he was unaware of this tax and he ordered the collection to stop
- Wolsey was humiliated and forced to claim full responsibility, his popularity further increased
- Henry started to doubt Wolsey
- No further tax was attempted by Wolsey
- Henry’s wish to attack France was ruined, he sought peace instead
- The leaders of the rebellion were pardoned
40
Q
The Eltham Ordinances
A
- In 1526, Wolsey turned to reforming domestic and political aspects of Henry’s household
- Henry’s palaces were dirty, ill behaviour was common and expenses rose
- Wolsey drew up a list of rules known as the Eltham Ordinances
41
Q
Eltham Ordinance features
A
- Servants who were sick or not needed were laid off
- The umber of people who needed expenses for food, drink, fuel and lodgings were cut
- Meals were at set times
- Dogs were banned to promote cleanliness
The Ordinances were 79 chapters long
42
Q
Reformation of the Privy Chamber
A
- Wolsey reduced the number of gentlemen from 12 to 6
- The public reason was to cut costs
- Wolsey’s main reason was to reduced side-line political hatred
43
Q
Foerign Policy - Henry’s europen rivals
A
- Henry was a strong king who enjoyed jousting, archery and hunting
- Henry dreamed of military glory
- But England did not have the population, resources or monehpy to compete against France or Habsburg
- The difficulties of England were made clear when Engalnd failed to invade France in 1512
- His army failed due to drunkeness and disease
44
Q
Henry’s second campaign to France, 1513
A
- Henry captured the French towns of Therouanne and Tourani
- Defeated the French army at the Battle of the Spurs
- Henry boasted this as a success
- In reality, the towns were small and the battle was minor
- Also, the king’s treasury was emptied
45
Q
Role of Wolsey as a diplomat
A
- Wolsey was the driving force behind Henry’s foreign policy
46
Q
Henry’s direct contenders
A
- Francis I of France
- Charles I of Spain
47
Q
European nations and their significance - England
A
A middle power with foreign territories such as Tourani, Wales and parts of Ireland. Laid claims to France
48
Q
European nations and their significance - France
A
Largest kingdom by population in Europe and were heavily catholic
Had a fierce rivalry with the Habsburgs
Ruled by Francis I from 1515
49
Q
European nations and their significance - Spain
A
- Powerful catholic kingdom
- Ruled by Charles Habsburg from 1516
- Main source of wealth and armies
- Gained large control lf Aztec and Incan empires
50
Q
European nations and their significance - Papal States
A
- The seat of the Pope and higher ups of Catholicsm
- The independence of the Papal Staes was under repeated threats from Spain and France who both tried to dominate the areas
51
Q
European nations and their significance - The Holy Roman Empire
A
- Collection of over 400 states each under their own control
- The Holy Roman Emperor ruled over all states and had great political power
- Charles V was the ruler who was also the rules of Spain and a Habsburg
52
Q
European nations and their significance - other areas
A
- The Ottoman empire was a large muslim state backed by a well-disciplined army. During this time it was threatening with expansion
- The Netherlands were under Spanish control and had a large export in cloth
- Scotland was an ally of France and was a threat to England
- The Mediterranean was a powerful sea route occupied by Ottoman pirates
53
Q
Francis and Charles
A
- Both young, bright and ambitious like Henry
- But they were both more powerful
- Foreign affairs were dominated by the French/Spanish rivalry
- Had conflicting claims to different claims to European territories
54
Q
Spain as an ally to England
A
- Spain was an attractive ally for England as Henry was married to Catherine who was Charles I’s aunt
- England’s economy relied on the Netherlands for its exports which was occupied by Spain
55
Q
Rivalry between France and England
A
- Francis and Henry were similar in character, a rivalry was inevitable
- This was confirmed when France defeated Spain to seize Milan
- Henry was jealous as Francis was heavily involved in combat and the growing power of France
- Wolsey tried to make allies but failed, Francis eventually made peace with Charles
56
Q
Treaty of London, 1518 (England, Spain and France)
A
- The ever ambitious Wolsey saw an opportunity to place England at the centre of European negotiations (mainly England, Spain and France)
- He put the idea of universal peace forward to permanently end the war between European states
- Each state would agree to follow a non-agressive policy
- If one would break the pact, they risked being attacked by the other two
- 20 leading rulers of Europe also signed up
57
Q
Impact of the Treaty of Londo
A
- Brought great presitge to Henry VIII as he was seen as a Europe peacemaker
- England started to be viewed as a significant power
- Wolsey and Henry were placed at the centre of European politics
- It was praised across Europe as political and diplomatic triumph
58
Q
Failure of the Treaty of London
A
- There was still tension between France and Spain and in 1521 the war restarted
- Charles I was elected Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 which made war inevitable for three reasons
- Francis hoped to become Holy Roman Emperor but Charles was elected
- France was now surrounded by Habsburg land
- As Holy Roman Emperor, Charles had a claim to Milan which was under French control
59
Q
The Field of the Cloth of Gold, 1520
A
- Wolsey and Henry organised a series of conferences with Charles and Francis to prevent war
- They also wanted to see what they would get in reutrn for British support
- The field was the most spectacular meeting
60
Q
Events of the field of the field of the cloth of gold
A
- Both Henry and Francis wanted to show off their prestige
- No expense was spared on a fortnight of jousting and feasting carefully planned by Wolsey
- One feature was a fountain of wine
- However, nothing was achieved as no decisions were made to bring peace. All it did was increase the suspicion that England was taking sides
- England’s relationship with France was still poor, in less than two years they would be at war
61
Q
Successes of the Field of he Cloth of Gold
A
- Both kings gathered immense prestige
- They both became the centre of European politics
62
Q
War with France 1522-25
A
- After the field of the cloth of gold, Wolsey experienced immense setbacks
- Francis declared war on Charles in April 1521, Wolsey attempted to put a peace deal together but failed
- Universal peace had fallen and now it was a decision on which side to support
- Henry declared war on France in May 1522
63
Q
England’s contribution to the wa on France
A
- Initially, there were minor raids on France led by the Earl of Surrey
- However a triple attack on Paris was led by England, Spain and the Duke of Bourbon who had taken arms against Francis
- The Duke of Suffolk led an attack of 11,000 men but some troops promised by Charles did not show up, he eventually had to retreat
- English enthusiasm declined because of this
64
Q
The Battle of Pavia, 1525
A
Charles used Henry’s troops as a distraction to dfeat French troops in Northern. This stunned France and Francis was now imprisoned
65
Q
Results of the Battle of Pavia
A
- Wolsey and Henry pressed Charles to exploit this victory and join them in a joint-invasion
- A plan was sent to Charles to divide up all of France
- Charles had different ideas. He had no wish to expand Henry’s power and he released Francis making him to agree not to take revenge
66
Q
Why the second war against France failed.
A
- It had become obvious that Charles did not view England as an equal
- Charles had deserted Henry in 1523 when the Duke of Suffolk attempted to capture Paris. He only used England as a distraction whilst he focused on the Italian peninsula
- Charles was not prepared to share his rewards from Pavia
- The cost was high forcing a tax increase lowering Henry’s popularity
67
Q
The Treaty of More
A
- Charles did not repay Henry for Pavia and wll faih was lost in him
- Wolsey carried out a dramatic change in foreign policy due to concerns of Charles’ increasing power
- He would make peace with France
- In 1525,a treaty was signed creating peace
- Henry would give up Therouanne and Tourani for an annual payment
68
Q
The Treaty of Westminster,
A
- The following year, Wolsey helped organise the League of Cognac which created alliances with France, the Pope, Venice and Florence
- Combat against Habsburgs began but failed
- France and Wolsey signed the Treaty of Westminster which threatened armed intervention on Charles if he did not improve relations with his neighbours
69
Q
Other Developments
A
- Wolsey began to question wether he was right to turn on Spain
- Henry began to press for a divorce. If Spain and England were allies, the process would be quicker
- Habsburg troops had seized Rome and taken the Pope as prisoner, the Pope was the only person who had the power to grant the divorce
70
Q
The effect of the divorce on the foreign policy
A
- Henry turning on Charles led to him getting no assistance in the divorce from Charles
- Wolsey had to rely on the league of Cognac would break Charles dominance in the Italian peninsula
- This was risky as Charles was dominant
71
Q
War on Charles, 1528
A
- Both England and France declared war on Charles
- Francis invaded Italy but no English troops were sent to fight
- This discredited the idea of England being a serious international player
- Wolsey placed a trade embargo on the Netherlands (Spain) but this was removed due to protests from cloth workers needed access to markets in Antwerp
72
Q
The Treaty of Cambrai, August 1529
A
- Following Francis’ defeat in Italy, he mad peace with Charles at the treaty of Cambrai
- Wolsey was infirmed at the last minute
- England was no longer being treated as an equal by all of Europe
73
Q
Anne Boleyn
A
- By 1527, Henry had become disillusioned with Catherine of Aragon
- Anne Boleyn caught his eye as she was young, attractive and stylish
- Henry claimed he was shot by the dart of love
- Henry was focused on obtaining a male heir and Anne Boleyn was perfect
- It resulted in the transformation of Henry’s court
74
Q
Catherine of Aragon
A
- Aunt to Charles V of Spain
- Bethrothed to Arthur whilst she was princess of Spain
- This was a political marriage
- Married in 1501 but Arthur died the following April
- The Pope decreed that the marriage had never been consumated
- This meant that Henry could marry Catherine
75
Q
The marriage between Catherine and Henry
A
- There was originally affection in this marriage
- Catherine was well-educated and deeply-religious
- She defended Henry’s interests
- Henry made her a regent whilst he invaded France
76
Q
Failure of Catherine
A
- Catherine was pregnant six times but only had one surviving baby
- It had a large emotional and physical toll on Catherine and Henners
- She was aged 39 by 1524 and her chances of becoming pregnant had fallen
- Henry needed a surviving son
77
Q
Henry’s reasons for seeking an annulment
A
- Henry needed a son for the succession of the Tudor throne, if England had a female monarch, he feared that others may claim the throne
- Henry felt that Catherine’s failure to produce a son was a sign of God’s displeasure
- This might be due to the fact that she was his dead brother’s wife
78
Q
Anne Boleyn’
A
- Henry was deeply in love with Anne Boleyn
- Henry knew her family as Sir Thomas Boleyn was a minister and Anne’s father
- She was also the niece of the Duke of Norfolk
- Anne refused the king’s advance initally as she wanted them to be married but eventually she became pregnant making Henry more motivated
79
Q
The role of Wolsey in the annulment
A
- The task fell to Wolsey and he needed the approval of the Pope
- Wolsey assured this could be achieved as he was a cardinal and a papal legate
- Wolsey claimed to be an influential, international statesman in Rome
- He assured the Pope would help Henry as he was an ally
80
Q
The halting of the annulment
A
- Charles V had dominated Rome ever since the Battle of Pavia
- For a short time, he had imprisoned the pope
- The Pope did not want to upset neither England nor Spain so he made the process as long as possible
81
Q
Biblical evidence to support the annulment
A
Wolsey argued that a passage in Leviticus stated that if a man were to take his brohers wife, they shall be impure.
The Pope’s granting of the marriage between Catherine and Henry was wrong as it broke God’s holy law
82
Q
Response to biblical evidence
A
- Supporters of Catherine pointed to a passage in Deuteronomy which suggested that a man should be allowed to marry and have children with his brother’s wife
- It would be embarrassing for the Pope he was wrong on a religious matter
- The Leviticus argument only worked if they were properly married
83
Q
Error in the marriage of Henry and Catherine
A
- Wolsey argued that the marriage documentation was incorrectly worded and that it would lead to it being void
- This approach had the advantage of giving Rome a non-controversial reason for the annulment
- However, the Spanish version was correctly worded
84
Q
Pressure on Catherine
A
- Henry put pressure on Catherine of Aragon to become a nun
- This would automatically terminate the marriage
- Henners accused Catherine of being to polite in public and if he were to be assassinated, she would be blamed for it
85
Q
The annulment in England
A
- Wolsey’s final attempt was to persuade Rome for the case to be held in England
- As papal legate, the task would fall to Wolsey
- The pope reached a compromised by allowing Wolsey and Cardinal Campeggio to oversee the case
86
Q
Why did the annulment fail?
A
- Cardinal Campeggio had been given instructions not to reach a final verdict
- Campeggio delayed and he only arrived in England in October 1528, this was due to illness and old-age
- Campeggio made precedings really slow as he insisted to do everything by the book
- In July 1529, Campeggio broke up the court for the summer without a final verdict
87
Q
Opposition to the Annulment
A
- Catherine of Aragon was ordered to make a speech at Blackfriars court, she ignored the officials and knelt before Henry and made a direct plea, this showed Catherine’s opposition
- Catherine had powerful followers such as bishop of Rochester, John Fisher and Thomas More, adviser to the king
- Public support was high for Catherine
- The Pope was not in a strong position to support the annulment
88
Q
Wolsey’s fall
A
- A year after the court was suspended, Wolsey was stripped of everything and summoned to London for trial in October 1530
- Wolsey was lucky, he died in Leicester on the way to London for trial, if he arrived, he would have been executed
89
Q
Three main reasons for the fall of Wolsey
A
- His failure with the Amicable Grant
- His failure to secure the annulment
- His failure to build an alliance with Charles V
90
Q
The influence of the Boleyn family in the fall of Wolsey
A
- The Eltham Ordinances highlighted how Wolsey sought to prevent rivals getting close to Henry, this was successful until 1527
- As Henry got close to Anne, a faction developed led by Thomas Boleyn and her brother George
91
Q
Boleyn opinion about Wolsey
A
- They believed that Wolsey was deliberatley trying disrupt the annulment
- They said he favoured Catherine and that Wolsey believed that Henry would eventually leave Anne
- Anne grew to hate Wolsey as did other nobles with grudges against him
- The Boleyns helped persuade the execution of Wolsey
92
Q
The halting of the annulment
A
- Charles V had dominated Rome ever since the Battle of Pavia
- For a short time, he had imprisoned the pope
- The Pope did not want to upset neither England nor Spain so he made the process as long as possible
93
Q
Biblical evidence to support the annulment
A
Wolsey argued that a passage in Leviticus stated that if a man were to take his brohers wife, they shall be impure.
The Pope’s granting of the marriage between Catherine and Henry was wrong as it broke God’s holy law
94
Q
Response to biblical evidence
A
- Supporters of Catherine pointed to a passage in Deuteronomy which suggested that a man should be allowed to marry and have children with his brother’s wife
- It would be embarrassing for the Pope he was wrong on a religious matter
- The Leviticus argument only worked if they were properly married
95
Q
Error in the marriage of Henry and Catherine
A
- Wolsey argued that the marriage documentation was incorrectly worded and that it would lead to it being void
- This approach had the advantage of giving Rome a non-controversial reason for the annulment
- However, the Spanish version was correctly worded
96
Q
Pressure on Catherine
A
- Henry put pressure on Catherine of Aragon to become a nun
- This would automatically terminate the marriage
- Henners accused Catherine of being to polite in public and if he were to be assassinated, she would be blamed for it
97
Q
The annulment in England
A
- Wolsey’s final attempt was to persuade Rome for the case to be held in England
- As papal legate, the task would fall to Wolsey
- The pope reached a compromised by allowing Wolsey and Cardinal Campeggio to oversee the case
98
Q
Why did the annulment fail?
A
- Cardinal Campeggio had been given instructions not to reach a final verdict
- Campeggio delayed and he only arrived in England in October 1528, this was due to illness and old-age
- Campeggio made precedings really slow as he insisted to do everything by the book
- In July 1529, Campeggio broke up the court for the summer without a final verdict
99
Q
Opposition to the Annulment
A
- Catherine of Aragon was ordered to make a speech at Blackfriars court, she ignored the officials and knelt before Henry and made a direct plea, this showed Catherine’s opposition
- Catherine had powerful followers such as bishop of Rochester, John Fisher and Thomas More, adviser to the king
- Public support was high for Catherine
- The Pope was not in a strong position to support the annulment
100
Q
Wolsey’s fall
A
- A year after the court was suspended, Wolsey was stripped of everything and summoned to London for trial in October 1530
- Wolsey was lucky, he died in Leicester on the way to London for trial, if he arrived, he would have been executed
101
Q
Three main reasons for the fall of Wolsey
A
- His failure with the Amicable Grant
- His failure to secure the annulment
- His failure to build an alliance with Charles V
102
Q
The influence of the Boleyn family in the fall of Wolsey
A
- The Eltham Ordinances highlighted how Wolsey sought to prevent rivals getting close to Henry, this was successful until 1527
- As Henry got close to Anne, a faction developed led by Thomas Boleyn and her brother George
103
Q
Boleyn opinion about Wolsey
A
- They believed that Wolsey was deliberatley trying disrupt the annulment
- They said he favoured Catherine and that Wolsey believed that Henry would eventually leave Anne
- Anne grew to hate Wolsey as did other nobles with grudges against him
- The Boleyns helped persuade the execution of Wolsey
