henry 4c Flashcards
The Treaty of Cambrai in 1529 was the most significant failure of Wolsey’s foreign policy from 1509 to 1530
failure to get annulment: Henry - frustrated with Wolsey because of delays & Pope’s refusal to allow annulment. Clement VII - prisoner of Charles V after Rome invaded by his army 1529. Pope less likely to give annulment: Catherine related to Charles V. Catherine opposed to divorce. Gained < sympathy & support of powerful men: John Fisher, Thomas More (adviser to king), Charles V.
Enemies in court: low birth & high status resented by members of aristocracy e.g Duke of Norfolk. Attempted to control Royal Court: Eltham Ordinances 1526 - reducing Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber from 12 to 6 excluding Thomas & George Boleyn. Boleyn faction constantly undermining him - inability to get annulment.
High profile failures: Amicable Grant 1525. Henry desired to wage war with France; Full-scale revolt in Suffolk May 1525. Wolsey had to accept full responsibility for the failure - Henry claimed he had been unaware of the taxation and ordered its collection to be stopped. protest against it was - first significant rebellion against Henry VIII - started to doubt talents for failure of attempt to tax country directly without approval of parliament.
francis and charles made peace; henry and Wolsey were only informed of this - no longer seen to be an equal (not really considered ally of either side). failed to show that England were worthy of being an equal to France and the Habsburg empire, left England isolated.
The Subsidy of 1513 was Wolsey’s greatest achievement from 1509-1530
mainly agree: led to sudden increase incorwn’s income (old method - 15ths & 10ths = inefficient). impressive domestic policy - elevated status and had clear success (£322000 raised between 1513 &1529) - reassured no financial crisis in early reign.
treaty of london (foreign policy) - him and henry = peacemakers at centre of european politics; increased prestige as meeting was in london. approx. 20 leaders signed so showed lots of power - praised across europe as diplomatic triumph.
organising army for war against france. led to victory in battle of spurs (<recognition; seen as equal of francis; won 2 french towns e.g tournai). henry trusted wolsey more - appointed LC in 1515.
in conclusion: foreign policy not as long (charles I elected holy roman empire - sparked war with francis I)
The Act in Restraint of Appeals in 1533 was Cromwell’s greatest achievement as Henry’s chief minister
effectively made king supreme legal authority in England.henry - consolidate power and assert authority over religious matters, which included his desire to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and marry. laid groundwork for Act of Supremacy in 1534.
drafting the legislation that formalized England’s break with Rome, such as the Act of Supremacy in 1534, which declared Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England.
financial and religious reforms, including the dissolution of monasteries, which transferred immense wealth to the Crown. Between 1536 and 1540, he oversaw the dissolution of over 800 monasteries. His ability to generate revenue for the Crown through these reforms solidified his position as chief minister
The impact of the new Protestant religion was the main reason why Henry VIII launched his campaign against the Pope and Catholic Church 1529-33
Desire for annulment: not produced a male heir, wanted to marry Anne, (hope of male heir). Pope refused to grant - henry threatened to remove papal authority to pressure pope into agreeing (; was under charles’ control)
slightly influenced by protestant ideas (supported by cranmer, cromwell and boleyn). agreed with Tyndale’s book: Obedience of the Christian Man (said God always intended church to ruled by king>pope).
anti-clericalism - complaints about immorality, corruption, quality of church. henry agreed and wanted to take advantage - ban annates to rome to secure funding
Cromwell’s personality was the main reason that he was able to become Henry’s chief minister by 1540
drafting the legislation that formalized England’s break with Rome, such as the Act of Supremacy in 1534, which declared Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England.
financial and religious reforms, including the dissolution of monasteries, which transferred immense wealth to the Crown. Between 1536 and 1540, he oversaw the dissolution of over 800 monasteries. His ability to generate revenue for the Crown through these reforms solidified his position as chief minister
annulment - catherine
