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Hematology Review > Hemotology Review > Flashcards

Hemotology Review Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is composed of ________ formed elements and _________ of plasma

A

45% formed elements

55% of plasma

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2
Q

Erythrocytes have a life span of ___ days

A

120

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3
Q

T/F Erythrocytes are the least numerous blood cell

A

False they are most numerous

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4
Q

5 Types of leukocytes

A
  1. Eosinophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Monocytes
  4. Lymphocytes
  5. Neutrophils
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5
Q

Life span of Thrombocytes?

A

10 days

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6
Q

The _____ side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs

A

Right side pumps blood through the lungs

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7
Q

The _________ side of the heart pumps blood through the peripheral organs

A

Left side of the heart pumps blood through the peripheral organs

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8
Q

___________ stood the flow of blood from an injured blood vessel ( platelet plug, coag factors)

A

Hemostasis stops the flow of blood from an injured blood vessel

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9
Q

___________ is blood production

A

Hematopoiesis is blood cell production

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10
Q

Blood cell production in early life is formed in many of the body tissues, but mainly in the ______ and _________

A

Liver and spleen

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11
Q

Blood cell production between birth and 5 is produced by __________

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

____________ is a disorder on which the presence of abnormal hemoglobin causes a pathological condition

A

Hemoglobinopathy is a disorder on which the presence of abnormal hemoglobin causes a pathological condition

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13
Q

T/F ALL hemoglobinpathy we are caused by inheriting them

A

False. Also through genetic mutation

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14
Q

___________ makes up 95% of normal adult hemoglobin

A

Hem A

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15
Q

__________ makes up 5% or less of HGB found in a normal adult

A

Hem F

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16
Q

Hemoglobin C causes chronic ______________

A

Hemolytic anemia

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17
Q

Which hemoglobin is though to protect against Plasmodium falciparum infection?

A

Hemoglobin E

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18
Q

What 2 conditions can result from increased quantities of abnormal HGB derivatives?

A

Hypoxia- lack of O2

Cyanosis- Blush discoloration of sicin

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19
Q

In smokers. ____________ composes 1-10% of total hemoglobin

A

Carboxyhemoglobin

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20
Q

_____________ is a hemoglobin derivative in which iron has Been oxidized from the ferrous to the ferric state

A

Methemoglobin

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21
Q

In the cyanmethemoglobin determination for HGB, what reagent is used to dilute blood, lyse RBCs and convert HGB to cyanmethemoglobin?

A

Drabkins Reagent

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22
Q

At what wavelength is absorbance read in the cyanmethemoglobin method?

A

540 nm

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23
Q

What is also called packed cell volume?

A

HCT

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24
Q

The clinical significance of RBC indices are:

A
  1. Used to define the size & HGB content of RBC
  2. Used to aid classification of anemiae based on the morphological characteristics of the RBC
  3. Calculations should correlate with peripheral blood smear as a means to determine equipment and tech error
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25
Q

T/F MCV indicates whether a RBC will appear small (microcytic), normal (normocytic), or large (macrocytic)

A

True

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26
Q

T/F MCHC is the weight of the hemoglobin in the average red cell

A

True

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27
Q

T/F MCH is the average hemoglobin concentration in a given volume of packed cells; tells what percentage of a red cell is HGB

A

True

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28
Q

T/F the MCHC only increases in spherocytosis

A

True

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29
Q

___________ is the measurement of the degree of aniocytosis present, or the degree of variability of a red cell

A

Red cell distribution width RDW

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30
Q

What blood film exam is the NCCLS reference method?

A

Wedge blood film

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31
Q

If the pH of the Wright stain is too basic (high pH), what color tint will cells have?

A

Blue

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32
Q

In a properly stained blood smear what cell will have a Robins egg blue cytoplasm?

A

Lymphocyte cytoplasm

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33
Q

Generally, does the amount of cytoplasm increase or decrease as a cell matures?

A

Increase

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34
Q

In that cell does dawn of neutrophilia first appear?

A

Myleocyte

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35
Q

A condition where bone marrow can be totally suppressed

A

Aplastic Anemia

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36
Q

What are worn out red cells broken down by?

A

Reticuloendothelial system (RES)

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37
Q

2 reasons CBC sample are considered unsuitable for testing?

A

Hemolysis - the lysing casket decreases RBC count

Clots- falsely decrease CBC values

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38
Q

What happens to an RBC in a hypertonic solution?

A

Shrink, become crenated

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39
Q

What happens to RBCs in a hypotonic solution?

A

Expand and become ghost cells

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40
Q

T/F manual hemocytometer RBC count are usually not perform because of the high error rate

A

True

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41
Q

What areas do you cover on the hemocytometer for WBC count

A

Outer for corner millimeter squared

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42
Q

We’re coming to wbc’s on a hemocytometer the two size shoe degree within ___ otherwise the count is invalid and must be repeated

A

Plus or minus 20%

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43
Q

What is always the depth factor of the hemocytometer when performing unopette cell count calculations

A

10

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44
Q

what are sources of error when it comes to Unopette WBC count

A
  1. Improper mixing of specimen
  2. Incorrect Blood to anticoagulant ratio
  3. Dirt/debris or hemocytometer/coverglass
  4. Allowing hemocytometer to dry out
  5. Improperly adjusted condenser
  6. Calculation errors
  7. Uneven distribution of cells
  8. Not performing count within 3 hours of diluting
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45
Q

What conditions or diseases are associated with thrombocytosis

A

Asphyxiation, rheumatic fever, acute blood loss

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46
Q

What diseases or conditions are associated with thrombocytopenia

A

Aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, chemotherapy, thrombocytopenia purpura

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47
Q

What are Rees-Ecker & Brecher-Cronkite solutions for?

A

Rees( sodium citrate) Brecher( ammonium oxalate)

Preservation, reduce adhesiveness, low specific gravity so platelets settle

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48
Q

What area on the hemocytometer do you count RBCs

A

Outer four corners millimeter squared & middle of center

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49
Q

What area do you found platelets on the hemacytometer

A

Middle millimeter squared on both sides

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50
Q

how much blood is collected in the capillary pipe it for the RBC procedure

A

10 µL

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51
Q

How much blood is collected in the capillary piper for WBC procedure

A

20 µL

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52
Q

What is another name for basophilic/polychromatophilic erythrocyte

A

Reticulocytes

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53
Q

T/F retics are non nucleated immature RBCs that retain traces of RNA

A

True

54
Q

What three conditions do you see increase reticulocytes

A

Blood loss, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell

55
Q

Which staining method for retics is a Supra vital stain that has RBCs appear a green blue color

A

New methylene blue

56
Q

Give one condition where the bone marrow can be totally suppressed

A

Aplastic Anemia

57
Q

Worn out cells are broken down by what?

A

Reticuloendothelial system (RES)

58
Q

________ form a platelet plug to help stop bleeding and aid in hemostasis

A

Platelets

59
Q

What staining method for retics is a supravital stain that has the RBCs appear a pale, green-blue color?

A

New methylene blue

60
Q

Clinical significances of RBC indices

A
  1. Used to determine size of HGB content of the RBC
  2. Used to aid in classification of anemiae based on the morphological characteristics of the RBC
  3. Calculations should correlate with peripheral blood smear as means to determine tech and equipment error
61
Q

What is the last stage of granulocytic stage capable of cell division?

A

Mylocyte

62
Q

What cell does dawn of neutrophilia first appear?

A

Myleocyte

63
Q

What cell is the highest percentage WBC in a pheripheral blood smear and is increased in bacterial infections?

A

Seg neutrophil

64
Q

Which granulocyte is increased in allergic reactions & its cytoplasm contains large, orange to bright red granules?

A

Eosionphils

65
Q

Which granulocyte contains specific purple black granules and granules contain peroxidase histamine and heparin?

A

Basophils

66
Q

What are three groups of agranulocytes?

A

Plasmacytic series, monocytic series, lymphatic series

67
Q

What is the second most numerous wbc in the peripheral blood and is increase in viral infections

A

lymphocyte

68
Q

This cell contains multiple small unstained tapioca like gray globules embedded in a bluish red filamentous matrix

A

Plasmocyte

69
Q

What is the maturation sequence for the monocytic series

A

Monoblast >promonocyte >monocyte

70
Q

Which wbc has a nucleus with brain like convolutions in the cytoplasm with a groundglass appearance?

A

Monocyte

71
Q

______There engulfing of microorganisms, other cells and foreign particles by phagocytes

A

Phagocytosis

72
Q

What is the maturation sequence of a thrombocyte

A
  1. Megakaryoblast > promegakaryocyte> megakaryocyte > thrombocyte
73
Q

Large numbers of what cell are associated with infectious mono and hepatitis

A

Reactive lymphs

74
Q

What disease states do you see hypersegmented neutrophils

A

B12 def

Folate def

Pernicious anemia

75
Q

What condition is characterized by a bilobed nucleus in the neutrophil

A

Pelger-Hewitt

76
Q

What time is used to characterize single or multiple blue or gray is clouds in the cytoplasm of neutrophils and it is found in severe bacterial infections?

A

Dohle bodies

77
Q

What time is used to describe cigar shaped bodies created by aggregation of primary granules that stain a reddish purple color found in wbc’s?

A

Auer rods

78
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Production of RBCs

79
Q

What hormone produced by kidney stimulates RBC production

A

Erythropoietin

80
Q

Which immature cell has deep blue purple nucleus with the wagon wheel appearance

A

Rubricyte

81
Q

What is the maturation sequence for RBCs

A

Rubriblast> prorubricyte> rubricyte> metarubricyte

82
Q

RNA has an affinity for what stain

A

Methylene blue

83
Q

Hemoglobin has an affinity for what stain? What color does it show?

A

Eosin and a red color

84
Q

DNA chromatin material; single or group of purple or violet not refractile masses

A

Howell jolly bodies

85
Q

Larger than the mature rbc; mixed pink blue staining do to small amounts of RNA remaining in cell

A

Basophilic stippling

86
Q

Remnants of the nuclear membrane that appear in a figure 8

A

Cabot rings

87
Q

Any variation in size outside the normal RBC

A

Anicytosis

88
Q

Oval-shaped RBCs

A

Ovalocytes

89
Q

Evenly distributed round short goosebumps over the surface

A

Crenated / burr cells

90
Q

In large central zone of pallor due to a decrease in hemoglobin concentration

A

Hypochomia

91
Q

RBCs with 3 to 12 blunt ended spicules

A

Acanthocytes

92
Q

Rbc fragments

A

Helmet cell

93
Q

Remnants of RNA; fine or coarse, uniform granules distributed evenly throughout the red cell

A

Polychromatophilia

94
Q

At the minimum how many oil immersion field should you look at to evaluate RBC morphology

A

5 Fields

95
Q

T/F manual platelet estimate on a smear should be used to supplement, not replace an automated platelet count

A

True

96
Q

In a cute looking Mia do you generally see immature or mature RBCs

A

Immature

97
Q

T/F most CLL involve the B lymphocytes

A

True

98
Q

Which lymphoreticular this order does not usually Progress to leukemia

A

Hodgkin’s lymphOma

99
Q

Which lymphoreticular disorder involves malignant tumors

A

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphOma

100
Q

Which Myleoproliferative disease causes hematopoesis to occur outside the bone marrow

A

Myleofibrosis

101
Q

Which special stains stains phospholipids, neutral fats, and Sterols in cells of granulocytic series

A

Sudan black

102
Q

Which anemia is characterized by low iron levels caused by dietary insufficiency or stress on the body

A

iron deficient anemia

103
Q

Which anemia is caused by B 12 deficiency and is also known as megaloblastic anemia

A

Macrocytic anemia

104
Q

________ occurs when self and a bodies react against one’s own antigens

A

Auto antibodies

105
Q

__________ is it hereditary disorder characterized by decreased rate of globin chain synthesis

A

Thalassemia

106
Q

T/F patients with a plastic anemia show leukocytosis and thrombocytosis

A

False

107
Q

____________ are conditions associated with an increase in the number of RBCs and are divided into three groups

A

Polycythemia

108
Q

______ occurs as a result of plasma lost from Burns, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating and stress

A

Polycythemia

109
Q

Genes are inherited by pairs called

A

Alleles

110
Q

The position or location of a gene on a chromosome is called

A

Locus

111
Q

________ is a genetic disorder characterized by the production of hemoglobin S

A

Sickle cell

112
Q

The amino acid glutamine is replaced by the amino acid________ on the beta chain

A

Valine

113
Q

T/F sickle cell disease can be found in persons of east Indian dissent

A

True

114
Q

What are four laboratory findings in sickle cell anemia

A
  1. Characteristic sickle shape
  2. Target cells
  3. HGB 6-8 g/dl
115
Q

What are two screening methods for sickle cell

A
  1. Sodium metabisulfite

2. Dithionite tube test

116
Q

What is a positive result in the dithionite tube test for hemoglobin S

A

Turbidity

117
Q

What type of testing is done in a confirmation for hemoglobin S

A

Hemoglobin electrophoresis

118
Q

T/F patients with sickle cell trait have hemoglobin a and hemoglobin S

A

True

119
Q

T/F patients with sickle cell anemia have only hemoglobin S

A

True

120
Q

What are 3 reagents in the unopette method for eosinophils and what do they do?

A
  1. Pilots solution- diluent
  2. Phloxine B- stains eosinophils
  3. Propylene glycol- renders RBCs non refractive so the cannot be seen
121
Q

The ESR is dependent of what three factors

A
  1. Number and size of RBCs
  2. Plasma factor
  3. Technical error
122
Q

T/F A decrease in fibrinogen will result in an increase ESR

A

True

123
Q

In the ESR, what falls faster, small or large RBCs?

A

Large RBCs

124
Q

What nonspecific test suggest an inflammatory process or tissue damage?

A

ESR

125
Q

Name three diseases that maybe tracked using the ESR

A
  1. Rheumatic fever
  2. Arthritis
  3. lupus
126
Q

T/F in females, heterozygous expression causes G6PD deficiency

A

False ; homozygous

127
Q

In G6PD deficiency and denaturing of hemoglobin causes what to form in RBCs? What else would you see on the slide?

A

Howell jolly bodies & schistocytes

128
Q

What are two testing methods for G6PD

A

Methemoglobin reduction and fluorescent spot test

129
Q

T/F and G6PD deficiency and haptoglobin levels will be increased

A

False ; decreased

130
Q

What is the principal for electronic impedance a.k.a. the “Coulter method”

A

Cells pass through an aperture, through which a current is flowing causing changes in electrical resistance

131
Q

What is the principal for flow cytometry

A

Cells or particles passing through a focus beam or laser; is used for counting blood cells

Hematology Review (1 decks)

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