Hemotology Review Flashcards
1
Q
Blood is composed of ________ formed elements and _________ of plasma
A
45% formed elements
55% of plasma
2
Q
Erythrocytes have a life span of ___ days
A
120
3
Q
T/F Erythrocytes are the least numerous blood cell
A
False they are most numerous
4
Q
5 Types of leukocytes
A
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Neutrophils
5
Q
Life span of Thrombocytes?
A
10 days
6
Q
The _____ side of the heart pumps blood through the lungs
A
Right side pumps blood through the lungs
7
Q
The _________ side of the heart pumps blood through the peripheral organs
A
Left side of the heart pumps blood through the peripheral organs
8
Q
___________ stood the flow of blood from an injured blood vessel ( platelet plug, coag factors)
A
Hemostasis stops the flow of blood from an injured blood vessel
9
Q
___________ is blood production
A
Hematopoiesis is blood cell production
10
Q
Blood cell production in early life is formed in many of the body tissues, but mainly in the ______ and _________
A
Liver and spleen
11
Q
Blood cell production between birth and 5 is produced by __________
A
Bone marrow
12
Q
____________ is a disorder on which the presence of abnormal hemoglobin causes a pathological condition
A
Hemoglobinopathy is a disorder on which the presence of abnormal hemoglobin causes a pathological condition
13
Q
T/F ALL hemoglobinpathy we are caused by inheriting them
A
False. Also through genetic mutation
14
Q
___________ makes up 95% of normal adult hemoglobin
A
Hem A
15
Q
__________ makes up 5% or less of HGB found in a normal adult
A
Hem F
16
Q
Hemoglobin C causes chronic ______________
A
Hemolytic anemia
17
Q
Which hemoglobin is though to protect against Plasmodium falciparum infection?
A
Hemoglobin E
18
Q
What 2 conditions can result from increased quantities of abnormal HGB derivatives?
A
Hypoxia- lack of O2
Cyanosis- Blush discoloration of sicin
19
Q
In smokers. ____________ composes 1-10% of total hemoglobin
A
Carboxyhemoglobin
20
Q
_____________ is a hemoglobin derivative in which iron has Been oxidized from the ferrous to the ferric state
A
Methemoglobin
21
Q
In the cyanmethemoglobin determination for HGB, what reagent is used to dilute blood, lyse RBCs and convert HGB to cyanmethemoglobin?
A
Drabkins Reagent
22
Q
At what wavelength is absorbance read in the cyanmethemoglobin method?
A
540 nm
23
Q
What is also called packed cell volume?
A
HCT
24
Q
The clinical significance of RBC indices are:
A
- Used to define the size & HGB content of RBC
- Used to aid classification of anemiae based on the morphological characteristics of the RBC
- Calculations should correlate with peripheral blood smear as a means to determine equipment and tech error
25
T/F MCV indicates whether a RBC will appear small (microcytic), normal (normocytic), or large (macrocytic)
True
26
T/F MCHC is the weight of the hemoglobin in the average red cell
True
27
T/F MCH is the average hemoglobin concentration in a given volume of packed cells; tells what percentage of a red cell is HGB
True
28
T/F the MCHC only increases in spherocytosis
True
29
___________ is the measurement of the degree of aniocytosis present, or the degree of variability of a red cell
Red cell distribution width RDW
30
What blood film exam is the NCCLS reference method?
Wedge blood film
31
If the pH of the Wright stain is too basic (high pH), what color tint will cells have?
Blue
32
In a properly stained blood smear what cell will have a Robins egg blue cytoplasm?
Lymphocyte cytoplasm
33
Generally, does the amount of cytoplasm increase or decrease as a cell matures?
Increase
34
In that cell does dawn of neutrophilia first appear?
Myleocyte
35
A condition where bone marrow can be totally suppressed
Aplastic Anemia
36
What are worn out red cells broken down by?
Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
37
2 reasons CBC sample are considered unsuitable for testing?
Hemolysis - the lysing casket decreases RBC count
Clots- falsely decrease CBC values
38
What happens to an RBC in a hypertonic solution?
Shrink, become crenated
39
What happens to RBCs in a hypotonic solution?
Expand and become ghost cells
40
T/F manual hemocytometer RBC count are usually not perform because of the high error rate
True
41
What areas do you cover on the hemocytometer for WBC count
Outer for corner millimeter squared
42
We're coming to wbc's on a hemocytometer the two size shoe degree within ___ otherwise the count is invalid and must be repeated
Plus or minus 20%
43
What is always the depth factor of the hemocytometer when performing unopette cell count calculations
10
44
what are sources of error when it comes to Unopette WBC count
1. Improper mixing of specimen
2. Incorrect Blood to anticoagulant ratio
3. Dirt/debris or hemocytometer/coverglass
4. Allowing hemocytometer to dry out
5. Improperly adjusted condenser
6. Calculation errors
7. Uneven distribution of cells
8. Not performing count within 3 hours of diluting
45
What conditions or diseases are associated with thrombocytosis
Asphyxiation, rheumatic fever, acute blood loss
46
What diseases or conditions are associated with thrombocytopenia
Aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, chemotherapy, thrombocytopenia purpura
47
What are Rees-Ecker & Brecher-Cronkite solutions for?
Rees( sodium citrate) Brecher( ammonium oxalate)
Preservation, reduce adhesiveness, low specific gravity so platelets settle
48
What area on the hemocytometer do you count RBCs
Outer four corners millimeter squared & middle of center
49
What area do you found platelets on the hemacytometer
Middle millimeter squared on both sides
50
how much blood is collected in the capillary pipe it for the RBC procedure
10 µL
51
How much blood is collected in the capillary piper for WBC procedure
20 µL
52
What is another name for basophilic/polychromatophilic erythrocyte
Reticulocytes
53
T/F retics are non nucleated immature RBCs that retain traces of RNA
True
54
What three conditions do you see increase reticulocytes
Blood loss, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell
55
Which staining method for retics is a Supra vital stain that has RBCs appear a green blue color
New methylene blue
56
Give one condition where the bone marrow can be totally suppressed
Aplastic Anemia
57
Worn out cells are broken down by what?
Reticuloendothelial system (RES)
58
________ form a platelet plug to help stop bleeding and aid in hemostasis
Platelets
59
What staining method for retics is a supravital stain that has the RBCs appear a pale, green-blue color?
New methylene blue
60
Clinical significances of RBC indices
1. Used to determine size of HGB content of the RBC
2. Used to aid in classification of anemiae based on the morphological characteristics of the RBC
3. Calculations should correlate with peripheral blood smear as means to determine tech and equipment error
61
What is the last stage of granulocytic stage capable of cell division?
Mylocyte
62
What cell does dawn of neutrophilia first appear?
Myleocyte
63
What cell is the highest percentage WBC in a pheripheral blood smear and is increased in bacterial infections?
Seg neutrophil
64
Which granulocyte is increased in allergic reactions & its cytoplasm contains large, orange to bright red granules?
Eosionphils
65
Which granulocyte contains specific purple black granules and granules contain peroxidase histamine and heparin?
Basophils
66
What are three groups of agranulocytes?
Plasmacytic series, monocytic series, lymphatic series
67
What is the second most numerous wbc in the peripheral blood and is increase in viral infections
lymphocyte
68
This cell contains multiple small unstained tapioca like gray globules embedded in a bluish red filamentous matrix
Plasmocyte
69
What is the maturation sequence for the monocytic series
Monoblast >promonocyte >monocyte
70
Which wbc has a nucleus with brain like convolutions in the cytoplasm with a groundglass appearance?
Monocyte
71
______There engulfing of microorganisms, other cells and foreign particles by phagocytes
Phagocytosis
72
What is the maturation sequence of a thrombocyte
1. Megakaryoblast > promegakaryocyte> megakaryocyte > thrombocyte
73
Large numbers of what cell are associated with infectious mono and hepatitis
Reactive lymphs
74
What disease states do you see hypersegmented neutrophils
B12 def
Folate def
Pernicious anemia
75
What condition is characterized by a bilobed nucleus in the neutrophil
Pelger-Hewitt
76
What time is used to characterize single or multiple blue or gray is clouds in the cytoplasm of neutrophils and it is found in severe bacterial infections?
Dohle bodies
77
What time is used to describe cigar shaped bodies created by aggregation of primary granules that stain a reddish purple color found in wbc's?
Auer rods
78
What is erythropoiesis
Production of RBCs
79
What hormone produced by kidney stimulates RBC production
Erythropoietin
80
Which immature cell has deep blue purple nucleus with the wagon wheel appearance
Rubricyte
81
What is the maturation sequence for RBCs
Rubriblast> prorubricyte> rubricyte> metarubricyte
82
RNA has an affinity for what stain
Methylene blue
83
Hemoglobin has an affinity for what stain? What color does it show?
Eosin and a red color
84
DNA chromatin material; single or group of purple or violet not refractile masses
Howell jolly bodies
85
Larger than the mature rbc; mixed pink blue staining do to small amounts of RNA remaining in cell
Basophilic stippling
86
Remnants of the nuclear membrane that appear in a figure 8
Cabot rings
87
Any variation in size outside the normal RBC
Anicytosis
88
Oval-shaped RBCs
Ovalocytes
89
Evenly distributed round short goosebumps over the surface
Crenated / burr cells
90
In large central zone of pallor due to a decrease in hemoglobin concentration
Hypochomia
91
RBCs with 3 to 12 blunt ended spicules
Acanthocytes
92
Rbc fragments
Helmet cell
93
Remnants of RNA; fine or coarse, uniform granules distributed evenly throughout the red cell
Polychromatophilia
94
At the minimum how many oil immersion field should you look at to evaluate RBC morphology
5 Fields
95
T/F manual platelet estimate on a smear should be used to supplement, not replace an automated platelet count
True
96
In a cute looking Mia do you generally see immature or mature RBCs
Immature
97
T/F most CLL involve the B lymphocytes
True
98
Which lymphoreticular this order does not usually Progress to leukemia
Hodgkin's lymphOma
99
Which lymphoreticular disorder involves malignant tumors
Non-Hodgkin's lymphOma
100
Which Myleoproliferative disease causes hematopoesis to occur outside the bone marrow
Myleofibrosis
101
Which special stains stains phospholipids, neutral fats, and Sterols in cells of granulocytic series
Sudan black
102
Which anemia is characterized by low iron levels caused by dietary insufficiency or stress on the body
iron deficient anemia
103
Which anemia is caused by B 12 deficiency and is also known as megaloblastic anemia
Macrocytic anemia
104
________ occurs when self and a bodies react against one's own antigens
Auto antibodies
105
__________ is it hereditary disorder characterized by decreased rate of globin chain synthesis
Thalassemia
106
T/F patients with a plastic anemia show leukocytosis and thrombocytosis
False
107
____________ are conditions associated with an increase in the number of RBCs and are divided into three groups
Polycythemia
108
______ occurs as a result of plasma lost from Burns, dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, sweating and stress
Polycythemia
109
Genes are inherited by pairs called
Alleles
110
The position or location of a gene on a chromosome is called
Locus
111
________ is a genetic disorder characterized by the production of hemoglobin S
Sickle cell
112
The amino acid glutamine is replaced by the amino acid________ on the beta chain
Valine
113
T/F sickle cell disease can be found in persons of east Indian dissent
True
114
What are four laboratory findings in sickle cell anemia
1. Characteristic sickle shape
2. Target cells
3. HGB 6-8 g/dl
115
What are two screening methods for sickle cell
1. Sodium metabisulfite
| 2. Dithionite tube test
116
What is a positive result in the dithionite tube test for hemoglobin S
Turbidity
117
What type of testing is done in a confirmation for hemoglobin S
Hemoglobin electrophoresis
118
T/F patients with sickle cell trait have hemoglobin a and hemoglobin S
True
119
T/F patients with sickle cell anemia have only hemoglobin S
True
120
What are 3 reagents in the unopette method for eosinophils and what do they do?
1. Pilots solution- diluent
2. Phloxine B- stains eosinophils
3. Propylene glycol- renders RBCs non refractive so the cannot be seen
121
The ESR is dependent of what three factors
1. Number and size of RBCs
2. Plasma factor
3. Technical error
122
T/F A decrease in fibrinogen will result in an increase ESR
True
123
In the ESR, what falls faster, small or large RBCs?
Large RBCs
124
What nonspecific test suggest an inflammatory process or tissue damage?
ESR
125
Name three diseases that maybe tracked using the ESR
1. Rheumatic fever
2. Arthritis
3. lupus
126
T/F in females, heterozygous expression causes G6PD deficiency
False ; homozygous
127
In G6PD deficiency and denaturing of hemoglobin causes what to form in RBCs? What else would you see on the slide?
Howell jolly bodies & schistocytes
128
What are two testing methods for G6PD
Methemoglobin reduction and fluorescent spot test
129
T/F and G6PD deficiency and haptoglobin levels will be increased
False ; decreased
130
What is the principal for electronic impedance a.k.a. the "Coulter method"
Cells pass through an aperture, through which a current is flowing causing changes in electrical resistance
131
What is the principal for flow cytometry
Cells or particles passing through a focus beam or laser; is used for counting blood cells
