Hemotology-Anatomy Flashcards
A girl presents with anaphylaxis after ingesting peanut butter. What substances are released when mast cells degranulate?
Histamine, heparin, eosinophilic chemotactic factors
How would you describe a smear that shows (A) an increased number of RBCs and (B) numerous immature RBCSs.
Smear shows (A) erythrocytosis/polycythemia (increased number of cells) and (B) reticulocytosis (increased immature cells/proliferation)
A patient presents with sore throat, fever, and lymphadenopathy. Labs reveal an increase in neutrophil count. What does this reflect?
Bacterial infection causes an increase in neutrophils
Name the three types of mature cells into which T cells differentiate.
Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and regulatory T cells
Granulocytes and mononuclear cells are what kind of blood cells?
Leukocytes (leuk = white and cyte = cell)
You note that a patient’s bone marrow shows a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells. What is the diagnosis?
Multiple myeloma
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
B and T cells. which mediate adaptive immunity, and NK cells. which are part of the innate immune response
What are dendritic cells in the skin called?
Langerhans cells
B lymphocytes are part of the ____ (cell-mediated/humoral) immune response.
Humoral
A patient is noted to have an increased amount of basophils on blood smear. What is a diagnosis to consider?
Myeloproliferative disease, especially CML (basophils also mediate allergic reactions—isolated basophilia is uncommon)
A man comes to the ED with a head laceration. What role do platelets play immediately after an injury like this?
A man comes to the ED with a head laceration. What role do platelets play immediately after an injury like this?
Name three types of granulocytes.
Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils
Eosinophils are phagocytic cells, particularly in the presence of what?
Antigen-antibody complexes
Which cytokine causes activation of macrophages?
γ-interferon
Which major histocompatibility complex and CD molecules are expressed by cytotoxic T cells?
Major histocompatibility complex I and CD8 (MHC × CD = 8, and MHC I × CD8 = 8)
Would you expect to find monocytes in a tissue biopsy?
No (monocytes are found in the blood, not the tissue [when they enter tissue, they differentiate into macrophages])
After maturation, where do B lymphocytes migrate to from the bone marrow?
Peripheral lymphoid tissue (lymph node follicles, white pulp of spleen, other unencapsulated lymphoid tissue)
____ cells produce a large amount of antibodies that are specific for an antigen.
Plasma
Name two types of mononuclear cells.
Lymphocytes and monocytes
What medication could prevent exacerbation of asthma (by preventing the release of inflammatory compounds from mast cells)?
Cromolyn sodium, which stabilizes mast cell membranes and prevents degranulation
Monocytes differentiate into ____ in tissues.
Macrophages
What two types of granules do platelets contain?
Dense granules and α granules
What molecule do erythrocytes depend on exclusively for energy?
Glucose, with 90% used in glycolysis and remaining 10% in HMP shunt
Which major histocompatibility complex and CD molecules are expressed by helper T cells?
Major histocompatibility complex II and CD4 (MHC × CD = 8, and MHC II × CD4 = 8)
Under the microscope, you note a neutrophil with several granules. What organelle are you looking at?
Lysosome
How do eosinophils and mast cells interact during an allergic reaction?
Eosinophils produce histaminase and arylsulfatase to limit the inflammatory reaction from mast cell degranulation
What is the origin of the word monocyte?
Mono = one (nucleus); cyte = cell
What role does the erythrocyte play in acid-base physiology?
Erythrocytes carry carbon dioxide from the periphery to the lungs for elimination
T lymphocytes mediate the ____ (cellular/humoral) immune response.
Cellular
What are the contents of small granules in neutrophils?
ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, lactoferrin
What is the response of a B cell after encountering an antigen?
B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies and memory cells
Macrophages can be identified by labeling ____, a cell surface marker.
CD14
What are the contents of the dense granules of platelets?
Adenosine diphosphate, calcium
What is the main function of leukocytes?
To defend against infection
Mast cells are involved in type ____ (I/II/III/IV) hypersensitivity reactions.
I (mast cells mediate allergic reactions in local tissues)
A boy presents with an itchy butt. What type of white blood cells will defend the boy against the infection he likely has?
Eosinophils, which defend against helminthic infections, such as pinworm
How do erythrocytes facilitate transport of carbon dioxide away from the peripheral tissues?
Membrane has chloride-bicarbonate antiport allowing bicarbonate export from RBCs & transport of CO2 to the lungs for elimination
What roles do macrophages have?
Phagocytose bacteria, cellular debris, and senescent RBCs, and scavenge damaged cells and tissue
What costimulatory molecule present on B cells is required to activate T cells?
CD28
What are the contents of the α granules of platelets?
Von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen
Mast cells resemble ____ structurally and functionally.
Basophils
What major histocompatibility complex do B cells possess on the cell surface?
Major histocompatibility complex II, which allows B cells to act as antigen-presenting cells
What are the contents of the large granules in neutrophils?
Proteinases, acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, β-glucuronidase
How many leukocytes are normally found per cubic milliliter (cells/mm3) of blood?
4000 to 10,000 cells/mm3
Name five diagnoses to consider in a patient discovered to have eosinophilia.
Neoplasm, asthma, allergic reaction, collagen vascular disease, parasites (NAACP)
From highest to lowest, how would you rank the following according to percent: basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils
Granulocytes = basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils, and mononuclear cells = lymphocytes and monocytes
A patient’s blood smear shows numerous cells w/bilobate nucleus and large eosinophilic uniform-sized granules. What do you consider?
Eosinophilia in neoplasm, asthma, allergic reaction, collagen vascular disease, parasites (NAACP)
What is the predominant type of lymphocyte found in the circulation?
T cells, which make up approximately 80% of circulating lymphocytes
How would you describe a peripheral blood smear showing red blood cells of varying sizes and shapes?
Smear exhibits anisocytosis (varying sizes) and poikilocytosis (varying shapes)
Small granules are ____ (more/less) numerous in neutrophils
More
Patients with TB and sarcoidosis have granulomas. What is an important component to its formation?
Macrophages
Where in the body would you typically find the most platelets at any one time (and about what fraction)?
Approximately one third of the platelet pool is stored in the spleen
What is the root of the word eosinophil?
Eosin= a dye, philic= loving
A peripheral blood smear shows multiple neutrophils with nuclei of six, seven, and even eight lobes. What lab tests are needed?
Vitamin B12 and folate tests (hypersegmented polys [neutrophils] are present in deficiencies of either vitamin)
A woman taking aspirin is undergoing surgery. How long before surgery must she discontinue aspirin?
At least 8–10 days before surgery (this is the lifespan of a platelet)
In a test, you separate granulocytes from mononuclear cells and study the cell groups separately. What cell types are found in each group?
Granulocytes = basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils, and mononuclear cells = lymphocytes and monocytes
The life span of an erythrocyte is ____ days.
120
What is the root of the word macrophage?
Macro= large; phage= eater
A patient with sarcoidosis is found to have numerous granulomas on bronchoscopy. Which type of leukocyte is important to its formation?
Macrophages are important in granuloma formation
Erythrocytes are ____ (nucleated/anucleated).
Anucleated
A patient with HIV wants to be treated. What is the primary target of HIV?
CD4+ helper T cells
A 78-year-old woman has depression, weakness, and leg paresthesia. Blood smear shows hypersegmented polys. What is a possible diagnosis?
Vitamin B12 deficiency (folate deficiency can cause similar symptoms, but only B12 causes neurologic symptoms)
On the skin of a patient, you see small red lesions that do not blanch with pressure. Name two possible etiologies of these lesions.
These are petechiae, which can be caused by a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) or dysfunctional platelets
A 65-year-old woman with CML has blood drawn. What would you expect on the reports?
High number of band cells (immature PMNs), which reflects increased myeloid proliferation
In primary hemostasis, von Willebrand factor must be released and bind to what erythrocyte receptor?
Glycoprotein Ib
What do small granules in neutrophils contain vs. larger granules?
Small granules = ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, & large granules = proteinase, acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, β-glucuronidase
In the formation of a stable thrombus, fibrinogen binds platelets together via what receptor?
Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
