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Hemotology > Hemotology-Anatomy > Flashcards

Hemotology-Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

A girl presents with anaphylaxis after ingesting peanut butter. What substances are released when mast cells degranulate?

A

Histamine, heparin, eosinophilic chemotactic factors

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2
Q

How would you describe a smear that shows (A) an increased number of RBCs and (B) numerous immature RBCSs.

A

Smear shows (A) erythrocytosis/polycythemia (increased number of cells) and (B) reticulocytosis (increased immature cells/proliferation)

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3
Q

A patient presents with sore throat, fever, and lymphadenopathy. Labs reveal an increase in neutrophil count. What does this reflect?

A

Bacterial infection causes an increase in neutrophils

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4
Q

Name the three types of mature cells into which T cells differentiate.

A

Cytotoxic T cells, helper T cells, and regulatory T cells

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5
Q

Granulocytes and mononuclear cells are what kind of blood cells?

A

Leukocytes (leuk = white and cyte = cell)

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6
Q

You note that a patient’s bone marrow shows a monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells. What is the diagnosis?

A

Multiple myeloma

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7
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

A

B and T cells. which mediate adaptive immunity, and NK cells. which are part of the innate immune response

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8
Q

What are dendritic cells in the skin called?

A

Langerhans cells

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9
Q

B lymphocytes are part of the ____ (cell-mediated/humoral) immune response.

A

Humoral

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10
Q

A patient is noted to have an increased amount of basophils on blood smear. What is a diagnosis to consider?

A

Myeloproliferative disease, especially CML (basophils also mediate allergic reactions—isolated basophilia is uncommon)

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11
Q

A man comes to the ED with a head laceration. What role do platelets play immediately after an injury like this?

A

A man comes to the ED with a head laceration. What role do platelets play immediately after an injury like this?

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12
Q

Name three types of granulocytes.

A

Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

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13
Q

Eosinophils are phagocytic cells, particularly in the presence of what?

A

Antigen-antibody complexes

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14
Q

Which cytokine causes activation of macrophages?

A

γ-interferon

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15
Q

Which major histocompatibility complex and CD molecules are expressed by cytotoxic T cells?

A

Major histocompatibility complex I and CD8 (MHC × CD = 8, and MHC I × CD8 = 8)

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16
Q

Would you expect to find monocytes in a tissue biopsy?

A

No (monocytes are found in the blood, not the tissue [when they enter tissue, they differentiate into macrophages])

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17
Q

After maturation, where do B lymphocytes migrate to from the bone marrow?

A

Peripheral lymphoid tissue (lymph node follicles, white pulp of spleen, other unencapsulated lymphoid tissue)

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18
Q

____ cells produce a large amount of antibodies that are specific for an antigen.

A

Plasma

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19
Q

Name two types of mononuclear cells.

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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20
Q

What medication could prevent exacerbation of asthma (by preventing the release of inflammatory compounds from mast cells)?

A

Cromolyn sodium, which stabilizes mast cell membranes and prevents degranulation

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21
Q

Monocytes differentiate into ____ in tissues.

A

Macrophages

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22
Q

What two types of granules do platelets contain?

A

Dense granules and α granules

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23
Q

What molecule do erythrocytes depend on exclusively for energy?

A

Glucose, with 90% used in glycolysis and remaining 10% in HMP shunt

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24
Q

Which major histocompatibility complex and CD molecules are expressed by helper T cells?

A

Major histocompatibility complex II and CD4 (MHC × CD = 8, and MHC II × CD4 = 8)

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25
Q

Under the microscope, you note a neutrophil with several granules. What organelle are you looking at?

A

Lysosome

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26
Q

How do eosinophils and mast cells interact during an allergic reaction?

A

Eosinophils produce histaminase and arylsulfatase to limit the inflammatory reaction from mast cell degranulation

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27
Q

What is the origin of the word monocyte?

A

Mono = one (nucleus); cyte = cell

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28
Q

What role does the erythrocyte play in acid-base physiology?

A

Erythrocytes carry carbon dioxide from the periphery to the lungs for elimination

29
Q

T lymphocytes mediate the ____ (cellular/humoral) immune response.

A

Cellular

30
Q

What are the contents of small granules in neutrophils?

A

ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, lactoferrin

31
Q

What is the response of a B cell after encountering an antigen?

A

B cells differentiate into plasma cells and secrete antibodies and memory cells

32
Q

Macrophages can be identified by labeling ____, a cell surface marker.

A

CD14

33
Q

What are the contents of the dense granules of platelets?

A

Adenosine diphosphate, calcium

34
Q

What is the main function of leukocytes?

A

To defend against infection

35
Q

Mast cells are involved in type ____ (I/II/III/IV) hypersensitivity reactions.

A

I (mast cells mediate allergic reactions in local tissues)

36
Q

A boy presents with an itchy butt. What type of white blood cells will defend the boy against the infection he likely has?

A

Eosinophils, which defend against helminthic infections, such as pinworm

37
Q

How do erythrocytes facilitate transport of carbon dioxide away from the peripheral tissues?

A

Membrane has chloride-bicarbonate antiport allowing bicarbonate export from RBCs & transport of CO2 to the lungs for elimination

38
Q

What roles do macrophages have?

A

Phagocytose bacteria, cellular debris, and senescent RBCs, and scavenge damaged cells and tissue

39
Q

What costimulatory molecule present on B cells is required to activate T cells?

A

CD28

40
Q

What are the contents of the α granules of platelets?

A

Von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen

41
Q

Mast cells resemble ____ structurally and functionally.

A

Basophils

42
Q

What major histocompatibility complex do B cells possess on the cell surface?

A

Major histocompatibility complex II, which allows B cells to act as antigen-presenting cells

43
Q

What are the contents of the large granules in neutrophils?

A

Proteinases, acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, β-glucuronidase

44
Q

How many leukocytes are normally found per cubic milliliter (cells/mm3) of blood?

A

4000 to 10,000 cells/mm3

45
Q

Name five diagnoses to consider in a patient discovered to have eosinophilia.

A

Neoplasm, asthma, allergic reaction, collagen vascular disease, parasites (NAACP)

46
Q

From highest to lowest, how would you rank the following according to percent: basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils

A

Granulocytes = basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils, and mononuclear cells = lymphocytes and monocytes

47
Q

A patient’s blood smear shows numerous cells w/bilobate nucleus and large eosinophilic uniform-sized granules. What do you consider?

A

Eosinophilia in neoplasm, asthma, allergic reaction, collagen vascular disease, parasites (NAACP)

48
Q

What is the predominant type of lymphocyte found in the circulation?

A

T cells, which make up approximately 80% of circulating lymphocytes

49
Q

How would you describe a peripheral blood smear showing red blood cells of varying sizes and shapes?

A

Smear exhibits anisocytosis (varying sizes) and poikilocytosis (varying shapes)

50
Q

Small granules are ____ (more/less) numerous in neutrophils

A

More

51
Q

Patients with TB and sarcoidosis have granulomas. What is an important component to its formation?

A

Macrophages

52
Q

Where in the body would you typically find the most platelets at any one time (and about what fraction)?

A

Approximately one third of the platelet pool is stored in the spleen

53
Q

What is the root of the word eosinophil?

A

Eosin= a dye, philic= loving

54
Q

A peripheral blood smear shows multiple neutrophils with nuclei of six, seven, and even eight lobes. What lab tests are needed?

A

Vitamin B12 and folate tests (hypersegmented polys [neutrophils] are present in deficiencies of either vitamin)

55
Q

A woman taking aspirin is undergoing surgery. How long before surgery must she discontinue aspirin?

A

At least 8–10 days before surgery (this is the lifespan of a platelet)

56
Q

In a test, you separate granulocytes from mononuclear cells and study the cell groups separately. What cell types are found in each group?

A

Granulocytes = basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils, and mononuclear cells = lymphocytes and monocytes

57
Q

The life span of an erythrocyte is ____ days.

A

120

58
Q

What is the root of the word macrophage?

A

Macro= large; phage= eater

59
Q

A patient with sarcoidosis is found to have numerous granulomas on bronchoscopy. Which type of leukocyte is important to its formation?

A

Macrophages are important in granuloma formation

60
Q

Erythrocytes are ____ (nucleated/anucleated).

A

Anucleated

61
Q

A patient with HIV wants to be treated. What is the primary target of HIV?

A

CD4+ helper T cells

62
Q

A 78-year-old woman has depression, weakness, and leg paresthesia. Blood smear shows hypersegmented polys. What is a possible diagnosis?

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency (folate deficiency can cause similar symptoms, but only B12 causes neurologic symptoms)

63
Q

On the skin of a patient, you see small red lesions that do not blanch with pressure. Name two possible etiologies of these lesions.

A

These are petechiae, which can be caused by a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) or dysfunctional platelets

64
Q

A 65-year-old woman with CML has blood drawn. What would you expect on the reports?

A

High number of band cells (immature PMNs), which reflects increased myeloid proliferation

65
Q

In primary hemostasis, von Willebrand factor must be released and bind to what erythrocyte receptor?

A

Glycoprotein Ib

66
Q

What do small granules in neutrophils contain vs. larger granules?

A

Small granules = ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, & large granules = proteinase, acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, β-glucuronidase

67
Q

In the formation of a stable thrombus, fibrinogen binds platelets together via what receptor?

A

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa

68
Q
A

Hemotology (1 decks)

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