Hemotological And Immunological Diseases Flashcards
Blood is composed of
Liquid components: 55%
Cellular components: 45%
Origin of Erythrocytes
Bone marrow
Function of Erythrocytes
Carry oxygen to tissues, remove CO2 waste products from tissues
Removed from circulation via the spleen
Normal hematocrit for dogs
hematocritfor adogfalls between 35% and 55%.
an absolute decrease in the red cell mass as measured by RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, and PCV.
Anemia
There are two major Rule-Outs for Anemia
Loss VS lysis
In addition to loss VS Lysis what is the 3rd option
Decreased production
The bone marrow responds appropriately to the decreased red cell mass by increasing RBC production and releasing reticulocytes.
Regenerative anemia
Hemorrhage or Hemolysis
Regenerative Anemia
The bone marrow responds inadequately to the increased need for RBC
Noneegenerative anemia
How’d you determine the type of anemia
Reticulocyte count
What is a reticulocyte
A reticulocyte is an immature stage of a red blood cell that contains fragments of a nucleus.
Diagnosis of Anemia
CBC, Blood smear,History
Clinical Signs of Anemia
Pale mucous membranes
+/- Jaundice
Weakness
Tachycardia (unless chronic)
Depression
Dehydration
Hypovolemia
DDX of Anemia
Hemorrhage
Hemolysis
Blood parasites
Iron deficiency
Immune-mediated
Toxins
Bone marrow suppression
Associated with Hemorrhage
Trauma, thromocytopenia
How do you treat a hemorrage
ID the cause and treat accordingly
Treat shock and volume replacement
Whole blood or plasma transfusions
What disease Occurs after chronic blood loss
Iron Deficiency Anemia
What causes Iron Deficiency Anemia
Flea infestations and parasite infestations
How do you treat Iron Deficiency Anemia
Treat the underlying cause of blood loss
Supplementation with oral iron for 30-60 days, or iron dextran injections
What is hemolysis
Destruction of RBCs
Etiology of Hemolysis in dogs
Idiopathic IMHA
Infectious
Neoplastic
Etiology of Hemolysis in cats
Idiopathic IMHA
Infectious: FeLV, Hemobartonellosis
Neoplastic
Etiology of Hemolysis in horses
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
Blood-borne parasites may cause hemolytic anemia
Mycoplasm hemofelis,Cytauxzoon felis, Babesia spp.
Toxin-induced Anemia is also known as
(Heinz Body Anemia)
What are Heinz bodies?
Denaturation of hemoglobin that occurs secondary to oxidative damage
Etiology of Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Idiopathic
Breed predisposition: Poodles, Old English Sheep Dogs, Irish Setters, Cocker Spaniels
Diagnosis of Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Blood smear-spherocytes
Agglutination test (in-house)
Coombs test (outsourced to diagnostic lab)
Treatment of Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Immunosuppressants
Glucocorticoids: Dexamethasone, Prednisone
Anti-ulcer therapy: , Ranitidine, Famotidine, Sucralfate
Mortality rate of IMHA
30-40% relapse common
Etiology of Immune Mediated Thrombocytopenia
Idiopathic
Drugs: sulfa-drugs
Clinical signs of IMT
–Signalment: females > males; middle age
Tx for IMT
Chemo,immune suppressants, blood transfusion, anti ulcer drugs
a blood disease caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand Factor (vWF), a protein in the blood required for normal plateletbinding (i.e., clotting) at the sites of small blood vessel injuries
This is the most common hereditary blood clotting disorder in dogs, occurring with more frequency in some breeds, including German shepherds, Doberman pinschers, standard poodles, Shetland sheepdogs, and golden retrievers.
Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD)
Clinical signs of Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD)
Prolonged bleeding after surgery or estrus, nose bleeds, petechiae
Tx of Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD)
Plasma transfusion, it is hereditary
Diagnosis Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD)
BMBT > 4 min
plasma vWF concentration
70 % of cases associated of feline lymphoma are asked by
FeLV
