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MSS > Hemorrhagic Fevers and Malaria > Flashcards

Hemorrhagic Fevers and Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vector for Dengue fever?

A
  • Aedes aegypti (mosquito)= DAYTIME biter
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2
Q

** What is the clinical presentation of Dengue fever?

A
  • ISLANDS of WHITE in a SEA of RED.

- retro-orbital pain

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3
Q

*** What is the Dengue Hemorrhagic fever Triad?

A
  • plasma leakage
  • thrombocytopenia
  • hemorrhage
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4
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of the FEBRILE PHASE of Dengue fever?

A
  • myalgia
  • macular or maculopapular rash
  • petechiae, ecchymosis, epistaxis, or hematuria.
  • leukopenia
  • hyponatremia
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5
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of the CRITICAL PHASE of Dengue fever?

A
  • ascites
  • pleural effusion
  • severe abdominal pain
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6
Q

What is Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) associated with Dengue fever?

A
  • disease-enhancing activity of cross-reacting antibodies elicited by previous infections by heterologous viruses.
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7
Q

** What is Chikengunya virus?

A
  • an epidemic arbovirosis that causes acute febrile illness, rash, and SEVERE relapsing ARTHRALGIA.
  • vector is asian tiger mosquito (bright white stripes).
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8
Q

What should be on your DDX for chikengunya?

A
  • dengue, malaria, parvovirus B19
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9
Q

What are the characteristics of viral hemorrhagic fever?

A
  • bleeding from the skin, mucous membranes, vene-puncture sites, and fever.
  • highly contagious and spread by body fluids.
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10
Q

What is the main virus that causes hemorrhagic fever?

A
  • Ebola virus

* WEST AFRICA is epicenter.

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11
Q

How is Ebola transmitted?

A
  • zoonotic virus (bats most likely) via direct contact through broken skin or unprotected mucous membranes. with an EVD-infected patient’s blood or body fluids.
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12
Q

What is the classical appearance of Ebola infection?

A
  • deep-set eyes, ghost-like, expressionless face, extreme lethargy along with a stooped walk and extreme cachexia.
  • skin sloughing, hair loss, and neuro-psychiatric illness.
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13
Q

What happened in 2014 with Ebola?

A
  • WHO declared Ebola a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).
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14
Q

How does Ebola virus kill?

A
  • hypovolemia and vascular collapse from electrolyte abnormalities, multi-organ failure, septic shock, or DIC.
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15
Q

What symptom may also be associated with Ebola?

A
  • hiccups (dry rope in the throat).
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16
Q

What laboratory findings will be seen with Ebola?

A
  • thrombocytopenia
  • leukopenia
  • elevated LFTs (AST greater than ALT)
  • electrolyte abnormalities
  • prolonged PT and PTT
  • proteinuria, increased creatinine
17
Q

How contagious is Ebola?

A

VERY

*requires biosafety level 4 laboratory.

18
Q

How does Malaria present?

A
  • fever, chills, diarrhea (don’t let this one fool you), headaches, dark urine, renal failure, server anemia, and icterus.
19
Q

What causes Malaria?

A
  • plasmodium sp. (parasite) transmitted via mosquito (anopheles).
  • vector must bite twice.
20
Q

What 2 areas does malaria affect?

A
  1. LIVER (hepatocytes rupture releasing merozoites).

2. RBCs (rupture releasing gametocytes).

21
Q

What will you see on blood smear with malaria? (always do thick and thin smear)

A
  • ROSETTING (RBCs stick together).

- will see plasmodium species in RBCs as well.

22
Q

What is the fever pattern with malaria?

A
  • comes and goes (intermittent).

* opposed to typhoid fever which is continuous.

23
Q

Do you develop immunity to malaria following infection and treatment?

A
  • it is patchy and incomplete.
24
Q

What are the 3 intra-erythrocytic organisms?

A
  1. plasmodium
  2. bartonella
  3. babesia
25
Q

Which plasmodium species is the most lethal?

A
  • falciparum
26
Q

What are some other symptoms of malaria?

A
  • pale skin
  • severe anemia
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • splenomegaly or rupture.
  • gingival bleeding
  • ARDS
27
Q

What drug is used for relapsing malaria?

A
  • primaquine
28
Q

With what disease should you be careful when using primaquine to treat malaria?

A
  • G6PD deficiency causing hemolysis.
29
Q

What is important for malaria prevention?

A
  • mosquito nets and DDT spray
30
Q

What is yellow fever?

A
  • mosquito born hemorrhagic fever causing hepatitis, renal failure, shock, and death.
  • found mostly in the tropics (but also seen in philadelphia in the 1700s).
31
Q

Is yellow fever seen in Asia?

A

NO

32
Q

Is there a vaccine for yellow fever?

A

YES

MSS (9 decks)

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