Hemorrhage And Hypovolemia

Question 0

How much blood is in an average sized male and female?

Answer 0

5 L and 3.6 L

Question 1

How much of lean body weight is fluid?

Answer 1

60% males (600 ml/kg)

50% females (500 ml/kg)

Question 2

How much of fluid is extra cellular?

Answer 2

40%

Question 3

What is extracellular fluid?

Answer 3

Intra vascular (plasma)
Interstitial (extravascular)

Question 4

Where does isotonic saline distribute in the body?

Answer 4

75% interstitial

25% plasma

Question 5

What are the two compensatory responses to acute blood loss?

Answer 5

1. Interstitial fluid movement into vasculature (transcapillary refill - can add as much as 1 L)
2. Activation of RAS

Question 6

How much blood loss can the two compensatory responses compensate?

Answer 6

15-20% loss of blood volume

Question 7

Why is the RAS system activated?

Answer 7

Because of decreased renal perfusion

Question 8

How much blood does moving from the supine to the standing position shift?

Answer 8

8 ml/kg

(In healthy patients, it causes an increase in heart rate of about 10 beats

Question 9

What are the expected postural changes in hypovolemia?

Answer 9

At least 30 beats/minute

Decrease in systolic of at least 20 mmHg

Question 10

What is a fluid challenge test?

Answer 10

Giving 500 ml of saline over 10-15 minutes

Question 11

What is the indication of fluid responsiveness?

Answer 11

An increase in a cardiac output of 12-15%

Question 12

How much hematocrit does each pack of RBCS have?

Answer 12

55-60%