Hemolymphatics Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
What cells do combined immunodeficiency disorders (CIDS) affect? TQ
A
Both Humoral (B cells)and Cell mediated immunity (T cells)
2
Q
What breed does equine CID affect, eitology & sequele?
A
ArabiansInheritedFailure of function of B and T lymphocyte production
3
Q
Who gets XSCID? What is the sequele?
A
Dogs- bassets & welsh corgisMales lack mature functional T lymphocites, low IgG & IgA w/ normal IgM
4
Q
What do degenerative Thymus disorders result in?
A
Variable degrees of aquired immunodefeciency
5
Q
What are the degenerative disorders of the Thymus?
A
AtrophyLoss of ArchitectureLymphocyto-lysisReduced lymphocyte populations
6
Q
What neoplastic disease of the Thymus affects young animals?
A
Thymic Lymphoma (T-lymphocyte neoplasm)
7
Q
What is thymoma?
A
Thymic epithelial cell neoplasm w/ mix of non-neoplastic lymphocytes.
8
Q
Are thymoma’s benign or malignant, what age animal do they occur in?
A
Usually BenignSeen in older animals
9
Q
What other dz’s are associated with thymomas? (TQ)
A
Myasthenia gravis +/- megaesophagusImmune mediated polymyositis
10
Q
What causes thymic hemorrahage and hematomas,? What species?Sequele?
A
Trauma, ruptured aortic aneurisms, Rodenticide poisoningDogsSudden hypovolemic shock
11
Q
What are the two types of physical injury could happen to the spleen? TQ
A
Rupture-HBC, neoplasm rupture (hemangio(sarco)ma/lymphosarcoma), SplenomegalyTorsion- strangulation of pole pigs, GDV dogs
12
Q
What are the three types of splenic degeneration and necrosis?
A
SiderofibrosisAmyloidosisHemosiderosis
13
Q
What is siderfibrosis, the lesions and who gets it?
A
Sidero-calcific plaques of capsule “gamna-Gandy bodiesFibrosis of capsule, hemosiderosis, granular encrustationsAged dogs
14
Q
What is amyloidosis & lesions?
A
“Sago Spleen”Prominent white pulp
15
Q
What is hemosiderosis?
A
Pigmentation from hemosiderin (storage form of iron)
16
Q
Eitology of hemosiderosis?
A
Breakdown of RBC’sDecrease erythropoiesis = less iron demandhemolytic anemiachronic heart failureIron dextran injection pigsHemorrhage (trauma)Hematomas,infarcts
17
Q
What type of atrophy of the spleen is frequent in old dogs?
A
Nodular Hyperplasia
18
Q
When does extramedulary hematopoiesis happen in the spleen?
A
Young animals = normalcompensatory in anemia
19
Q
What can lead to uniform splenomegally with a bloody consistency “bloody spleen”?
A
Congestion- torsion, barbituate, euthanasia, sedationAcute hyperemia- septicimia, inflammationAcute hemolytic anemia- babesiosis, EIA
20
Q
What can lead to uniform splenomegaly with a firm consistency “meaty spleen”? TQ
A
Chronic hemolytic anemia (EIA)Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH)Chronic infectious DzLympohid hyperplasiaBacteremia & low septicemiaNeoplasia (primary)Splenic myeloid mataplasia, histocytosis
21
Q
What can lead to nodular spenomegaly with bloody nodules?
A
Hematoma from lymphoid hyperplastic nodules or splenic vascular neoplasmsIncomplete contractionAcute infarcts (wedge shaped)
22
Q
What can lead to nodular splenomegaly with firm nodules?
A
Nodular hyperplasia- lymphoidPrimary neoplasmsMetastatic neoplasmsAbscesses- acute infectious dzGranulomas- chronic infectious dz
23
Q
What are the main causes of small spleens?
A
Developmental anomaliesAging changesWasting &/or cachectic DzSplenic contraction
24
Q
What is damaged in wasting &/or Cachectic Dz of spleen? TQ
A
Atropy of T-lymphocyte areasLittle-no effect on B lymphocytes
25
What are the Neoplastic Dz of the spleen?
LymphomaHemangiomaHemangiosarcomaMetastatic Neoplasms
26
What are the 3 ways lymph nodes response to injury?
Hyperplastic changesAtrophic ChangesInflammation
27
What are the 5 things that can cause small lymphnodes?
Developmental disorders (SCID)Lack of antigenic stimulationCachexia & malnutritionAgingViral
28
What is the sequele of Cachexia & malnutrition on lymphnodes? TQ
Smaller than normal LNAtrophy of T areas --\> decrease in T lymphocytes with little to no effect on B-lymphocytes
29
What are the agents and sequele of Viral infections on lymphnodes? TQ
Lymphocytolysis (BVDV, CDV)Stimulate Lymphiod Tissue (Maedi-Visna, MCFV)Neoplasia (FLV, BLV, Marek's)Atrophy (FIV)
30
What are the 3 causes of enlarged lymphnodes?
Lymphoid HyperplasiaLymphadenitisNeoplasa
31
What are the 2 types of lymphoid hyperplasia? TQ
Follicular (B-lymphocytes)Diffuse (T-lymphocytes)
32
What are the two types of Lymphadenitis?
AcuteChronic
33
What are the two types of Chronic Lymphadenitis?
Chronic Suppurative (active)Chronic Granulomatous
34
What are the 2 types of Chronic Granulomatous and their etiological agents?
Focal granulomatous - tuberculosis (pearls dz), Crptococcus, ActinobacillusDiffuse Granulomatous- Histoplasmosis, Leishmaniasis, Johne's dz (non caseating) "M paratuberculoisis"
35
What is the most common primary neoplasm of LN?
Lymphocarcomamalignant cells cause loss of architecture in cortex & medulla
36
What are two substances observed in LN?
Chyle (post prandial)Gas emphysema
37
What growth disturbance of the LN is an important cause of lymphadenopathy?
Hyperplasia
38
What are the 4 types of hyperplasia of the LN?
Follicular & diffuse lyphoid hyperplasiaAcute lymphadenitisChronic lymphadenitisNeoplasia (primary & metastatic)
39
What is the difference microscopically between LN Neoplasia of the LN & Lymphoma? TQ
Neoplasia - Lack of capsular invasion & preservastion of architectureLymphoma- Capsular invasion & loss of architecture
40
What are the two types of lymphoma in cattle? TQ
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis (BLV)Sporadic Bovine Leukosis
41
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis affects cattle of what age? TQ
Adults 4-8 years
42
What virus is responsible for Enzootic Bovine Leukosis? TQ
Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV) a retrovirus
43
What locations in cattle will you find the lesions of Enzootic Bovine Leukosis? TQ
"HAULS"HeartAbomasumUterusLNSpinal Canal
44
Sporadic Bovine Leukosis affects cattle of what age group? TQ
Young animals
45
Is Sporadic Bovine Leukosis associated with BLV?
No
46
What is the age group & distribution of calf/juvenile type of Sporadic Bovine Leukosis?
Calves up to 6 months oldMulticentric
47
What is the age group of calves affected with Thymic type Sporadic Bovine Leukosis?
1-2 year olds
48
What is the age group and lesion of cutaneous sporadic bovine leukosis?
2-3 year old cattleskin nodules
49
What is the presentation of horses with lymphoma?
VariableMulticentricAlimentaryCutaneousSplenicAbdominal
50
What is the most common presentation of lymphoma in dogs? TQ
Multicentric LN, Liver Spleen bone marrowUnusual presentation b/c Normal architecture is present but cortex/medulla is obliterated
51
What causes lymphoma in cats & how does it present?
FeLVMulticentricAlimentaryThymicMiscellanous
52
Bone Marrow Response to injury?
AbnormalProliferationConcentrationStructure or function
53
What is aplastic anemia? TQ
A type of abnormal proliferation leading to the absence of a particular hemopoietic lineage
54
What is the absence of all hemopoietic lineages?
Aplastic pancytopenia
55
What can cause aplastic anemia?
Chemicals Infections
56
What chemicals cause aplastic anemia?
Phenylbutazone (horse, dog)Bracken Fern (cattle, sheep)Estrogen (dogs)
57
What type of infections casue aplastic anemia?
Non-regenerative AnemiaEhrlichiosis--\> BM hypoplasiaFeLV--\> affects precurser cellsEIA--\>cyclic infectionCytauxzoon felis--\>excellerated RBC destruction/removalOtherParvoFIV--\> anemia from concurrent dz
58
Whate is neoplasia of bone marrow called and where does it occur?
LeukemiaFrom bone marrow hematopoietic cells
59
How is Leukemia classified?
Cell of origion Lymphocytic (outside BM)Myelogenous (non-lymphoid origon)Degree of differentiationAcute- poorlyChronic- well
60
What is Myelophthisis? TQ
Replacement of hematopoietic tissue in BM by fibrous tissue, malignant cells or granulomas
61
What causes serous atrophy of fat in BM?
Cachexia/Starvation = gelatinous transformaitonBM reticular cells produce a mucoid substance. But hemoatopoietic cells & fat still found in BM
62
What is lethal gray collie disease?
Cyclic Hematopoiesis --\> inherited disorder of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells
63
What is cytopenia?
Deficiency of blood cells
64
What is pancytopenia?
decrease in all hemopoietic cells
65
When do hematopoietic cells deplete in Aplastic cytopenia (aplastic anemia)?
Neuts--\>1wkPlatlets--\>2wksRBC's--\>months
66
What is persistent lymphocytosis?What species do you see it in?What causes it?TQ
Non-neoplastic hyperplasia of B-lymphocytes. Increases risk of developing B-lymphocyte lymphomaCattle (30% get lymphocytosis w/in 3 months)BLV infections
67
Poikilocytosis?
Abnormally shaped RBC's
68
What are Toxic changes you would see in hematopoetic cells?
increased cytoplasmic basophiliaDohle Bodies: sm blue/grey cytoplasmic inclusions of aggregated endoplasmic reticulumCytoplasmic vaculations (severe)
69
What is Pelger-Huet Anomaly (PHA)?
Lack of normal segmentation in nucleous of mature granulocytes (look immature)
70
What is the mode of inheritance of PHA?
Autosomal dominant w/ incomplete penetranceHets--\>not pathogenicHomo--\>skeletal abnormalities, stillbirths, early mortality, granulocytes have round/oval nuclei
71
What is pseudo-PHA?
Aquired reversible condition that mimics the real thing
72
What does Pseudo PHA cause?
HypocoagulabilityHypercoagulabilityDisorders of hemostasis
73
What type of bleeds happen with disorders of primary hemostasis?
Small bleeds
74
What type of bleeds happen with disorders of secondary hemostasis?
Big bleeds
75
What does intravascular hemolysis cause?
hemoglobinemiahemoglobinuriabillirubinuriaJaundice/Icterus
76
What are the immune mediated disorders of RBC's (3)
Primary IMHASecondary IMHANeonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI)
77
What is the eitiology of Primary IMHA?
IdiopathicIgG\>IgM
78
What is secondary IMHA secondary to? (6)
InfectionDrugsChemicalsVaxNeoplasiaBee sting
79
How does Neonatal Isoerythrolysis occur?
Colostrum derived maternal Ab react with newborn erythrocytes.
80
What is babesia?
An intracellular Protoazoal parasite
81
How does babesia cause hemolysis?
Extravascular hemolysis via immune mediated RBC destruction or oxidative damage. Intravascular hemolysis via protozoal proteases
82
What are the lesions of babesiosis
SplenomegalyJaundice, hemoglobinuriaHemorrhageGallbladder distended with thick bile (choleostasis)
83
What is cytauxzoon felis?
A protozal parisite of cats that causes severe, fatal dz.
84
What does the scizogenouse phase of C. felis do?
schizont--\>macrophage--\>occlude veins--\>Ischemia
85
What does the Erythrocyte phase of C. felis do?
IV merozoites--\>RBC's\_\_\>Immune mediated EV hemolysis
86
What type of anemia can C. Felis cuse?
Normocytic, Normochromic Nonregenerative anemia
87
CS of C. felis?
Acute illness & feverpallor--\>icterusDeath with in 2-3 days
88
Do trypanosoma spp infect RBC's?
No but cause immune mediated EV hemolysis
89
What is the trifecta of CS with Babesia, Anaplasma & hemotropic mycoplasma?
Pallor--\>icterusSplenomegalydistended gallbaldder
90
What kind of parasite are Anaplasma species?
Rickettsial agentsIntracellular
91
What Bacteria causes fatal hemolytic anemia? TQ
Clostridium
92
How does Clostridium spp cause anemia? TQ
Bacterial toxins from the clostridium cause acute hemolysis
93
What causes bacillary hemoglobinuria "red water" in cattle? TQ
Clostridium
94
What causes yellow lamb dz?
CLostridium perfringens type A (enterotoxemic jaundice)
95
Co-infection with liver flukes and one of these two types of bacteria can cause release if hemolytic toxins? TQ
CLostridium haemolyticum Clostriium novyi type D
96
Hemotropic mycoplama is what kind of parasite and causes what?
Epicellular parasite--\> invaginations of RBC surfaceImmune mediated EV hemolysis
97
Leptospira spp. cause what type of hemolysis?
Extravascular hemolysis via immune mediated Intravascular hemolysis via enzymatic (phospholypase production)
98
What agents cause Intravascular hemolysis?
BabesiaCLostridiumLeptoEIAHYPO-PWater IntoxAcute PFK deficency
99
What are the CS of Acute EIA? TQ
ThrombocytopeniaAnemiaFever
100
What are the CS of chronic EIA?
IcterusLymphadenopathy"meaty spleen"
101
What type of anemia does EIA cause?
Cyclic nature of virus produces bouts of regen and non-reg anemia
102
What types of hemolysis does EIA cause?
EVIV-acute form
103
How does EIA produce it's CS?
Anemia--\> decress in erythropoiesis b/c of inflammationThrombocytopenia--\> 2 to immune mediated destruction (acute)
104
What cells does FeLV infect? TQ
Hematopoetic precursor cells--\> nonregenerative anemia
105
Other than anemia what else does FeLV cause?
Immunosuppresion--\> InfectionsBonemarrow disordersLymphosarcoma
106
Does FIV cause anemia?
Not from FIV but from concurrent dz
107
What do oxidative agents do to RBC's?
Heinz BodiesEV & IV hemolysis
108
What are the oxydative agents in horses?
Red maple toxicityphnothiazine
109
What are the oxidative agents of ruminants?
Brassica spp.Nitrite toxicity--\>methemogloninemiaCopper Tox--\> acute IV hemolytic anemia
110
What oxidative agents for dogs?
Acetaminophen
111
What are oxidative agents to all species?
Onions & garlic
112
What nutritional deficiencies can cause anemia?
Iron--\> 2 to chronic hemorrhageHypophosphatemic hemolytic anemia--\>IV in post parturient cowsWater intox--\> calves IV osmotic hemolysis
113
What erythropoietic porphyrias cause an accumulation of porphyrin?
Congenital erythropoietic porphyriaBovine Erythropoietic protoporphyria
114
What is congenital erythropoietic porphyria and what does it do?
Disorder of porphyrin synthesisRed/brown discoloration of teeth/bone/urinePhotosentitizationHemolytic anemia
115
What is Bovine Erythropoietic protoporphyria and what does it cause?
Disorder of HEME synthetasePhotsentitization only
116
Who gets Pyruvate Kinase deficiency (PK)?
BasejisAbyssinianSomaliDSH
117
What is the consequence of of PK?
glycolytic enzyme= decrease in ATP--\>decreased RBC fxn & lifespan--\>EV hemolysis=ANEMIA
118
What is the consequence of of PKK?
Dogs: progressive myelofiborsis, Osteosclerosis, hemo derosisCats: favorablr prognosis, NO osteosclerosis
119
Who gets Phosphofructokinase defcency (PFK)?
English SPringer & Cocker Spaniels
120
What is the consequence of of PFK?
glycolytic enzyme=decreased ATP, Increased fragility under alkaline conditions
121
What is the consequence of of PFK?
NO anemia, chrinic EV hemolysis & marked reticulocytosis, hypervetilation causes alkalemia--\>acute IV hemolysis
122
Which (PFK or PK) gives anemia? TQ
PK= AnemiaPFK= No Anemia
123
What causes Equine Granulocytic Erlichiosis? (EGE)
Intracellular BacT Anaplasma phagocytophilum
124
What does EGE casue?
Morulae in Neut cytoplasmSeasonal Necrotizinf vasculitis
125
What is Leukocyte Adhesion deficiency (LAD)?
Inherited fatal contitionDefeciency of B2 chain of Leuk integrin impairs migration causing Severe Neutrophilia in blood
126
Who gets LAD?
Holstein (BLAD) and Irish Setters
127
What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
CHS inheritied by cow, persians and blue/silver fox
128
What does CHS cause?
Decreased immunity--\>neutropeniaPlatlet dysfxn --\> thrombocytopenia --\>bleedingOcular/cutaneous HYPO pigmentationCytoplasmic inclusions in blood cells
129
What is the infectious agent of potomac horse fever?
Ehrlichia risticii
130
What is the pathogenesis of PHF?
Infects monocytes & enterocytes--\>diarrheal Dz
131
What are the 3 main CS of Ehrlichia canis? TQ
ThrombocytopeniaAnemia--\>non regen from bone marrow hypoplasiaLeukopenia
132
What is the pathogenesis of Ehrlichia canis? TQ
Infects mononuclear cells & vascular endothelium --\>vasculitis
133
What is hemophagocytic syndrome and who gets it?
Cats and DogsProlif of non-neoplastic well differenciated but highly erythrophagic macrophages2 to cytokines from other dz
134
What is the pathogenesis of hemophagocytic syndrome?
Macs in high # in BM, LN, spleen & liverCytopenia of 2 or more cell linesSplenomegaly lymphadenopathy & bleeding tendencies
135
What is the eitiology of immune mediated thrombocytopenia?
2 to Infection, drugs, neoplasia or other IM Dz's
136
What is Evans Syndrome?
IMT + IMHA
137
What is infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia?
Anaplasma Platys--\> infects platletes and increases destruciton
138
How does BVDV cause thrombocytopenic hemorrhage syndrome?
infects bone marrow megakaryocytes and circulating platelets impairing function.
139
How does FeLV cause thrombocytopenia?
Infects hematopoietic cells causing thrombocytopenia & thrombocytosis, platelets are larger with less fxn. direct cytopathic effects, myelophthisis, & IM destrction
140
What is the primary inherited platelet function disorder?
Chediak-higashi syndrome
141
What is the most common canine hereditary bleeding disorder? TQ
vWD
142
Does vWD cause thrombocytopenia? TQ
NO
143
What are the types of vWD?
Type 1-3
144
What is the pathogenesis of vWD?
Type 1: Low vWF, normal multimer proportions, mild-mod bleedingType 2: Low vWF Absence of Lrg multimers, Mod-severe bleedingType 3: Absence of vWF--\>severe bleeding
145
What is lymphosarcoma?
diverse group of malignancies arising in lymphoid tissue outside of the bone marrow
146
What coagulation factors are Vit K dependant?
2, 7, 9, 10
147
What is DIC?
A concumptive coagulopathy: continuous activation of both coagulation and fibrinolytic pathways
148
What is the sequele of DIC?
Initial: hypercoagulobilities--\>thrombosis & infarctionSubsequently: hypocoagulabilities--\>hemorrhage
149
What coagulation factors are nonfunctional in hemophilia A & B?
A: VIII (8)B: IX (9)
150
What is the inheritance pattern of hemophilia A & B?
Both are X linked so carrier females are asymptomatic
