Hemoflagellates (book) Flashcards
Two species from trypanosomatidae that parasitize humans
Hemoflagellates are under Phylum?
Primitive structure of trypanosomatidae
Leptomonas morphology
Morphology found in Trypomastigote
Morphology found in amastigotes
Where do Leishmania reside in
Were the hemoflagellates originally parasites of arachnoids?
In culture, what forms do leishmania and trypanosomes assume
Old world forms and south American leishmaniases were transmitted by
African sleeping sickness were transmitted by
American trypanosomiasis were transmitted by
Two forms of trypanosoma that occur in humans
African trypanosomiasis occur as what form in the bloodstream lympathics and cerebrospinal fluid? How about in the choroid plexus?
American trypanosomiasis is also known as
American trypanosomiasis occurs at what form in the Cardiac muscle? how about in the bloodstream?
Chagas’ diseases is caused by what organism? How is it different from other forms of trypanosomes?
Morphological characteristics of chagas’ disease
What is considered as the most important vector for chagas’ disease
Only what species of reduviid bugs are major vectors of the disease
Can Chagas’ disease be transmitted congenitally?
Infective stage of Chagas’ disease
Diagnostic stage of chagas’ disease
MOT of chagas’ disease
Laboratory diagnosis of chagas’ disease
Dividing and nondividing stage of trypanosoma cruzi
T. cruzi are reflected in difference in incidence of
Chagas’ diseases is seen most commonly and found in its severe form in
area of the site of infection of chagas’ diseases where organisms proliferate
Chagoma
waht forms of T.cruzi can you find if you asperate the chagoma
Within how many days before chagas’ disease spread to regional lymph nodes where it become enlarged, hard, and palpable
Lesion appear similar to the initial chagoma through
Unilateral edema affecting both the upper and lower eyelid usually with conjunctivitis that usually spread to the cheek is known as
Unilateral ocular and facial edema involving the submaciallary lymph node is known as
Symptoms of chagas; disease may appear from
Organisms of T.cruzi appear in the blood at bout how many days
What does high levels of albumin found in the CSF correlate to
Upon entry of T.cruzi to regional lymph nodes, what does the organism do
They transform into amastigotes upon ingestion by histiocytes
(Alternatively, trypomastigotes may actively invade
macrophages and other cells. Evidence suggests that
lectin-like carbohydrate interactions are involved in
the binding of trypanosomes to the host cell. A protein
on the surface of the trypomastigote has been shown
to bind to N-acetylglucosamine on the host cell.)
After local multiplication, what form form does the organism assume as they enter the blood allowing them to infect all parts of the body
(In the amastigote form, parasites can multiply within the cells of every organs/tissue)
Consists of an intense inflammatory reaction, with invasion of histiocytes, adipose cells and adjacent muscle cells, and of the area by neutrophilic leukocytes and lymphocytes
Which cells are prone to infection by T.cruzi
Kupffer cells, macrophages of the spleen, and cardiac muscles
What happens in cardiomegaly?
The heart weight increases and all chambers (especially the righ ventricle) become dilated
Can T.cruzi mimic host antigens to survive?
Some info about immunity (idk how to question na)
- Host resistance to T. cruzi infection involves both
humoral and cellular responses. - Antibody-mediated immunity has been shown to
be associated mainly with the IgG class of immunoglobulins.
Lysis of trypomastigotes by complement
is related to the complement activation by way of
the alternative pathway. Cell-mediated resistance
includes killing of trypomastigotes by activated
macrophages and by neutrophils and eosinophils
through antibody-dependent mechanisms.
T.cruzi require what to achieve optimal growth and pathogenicity
Where was the organism first found in? Who found it?
It was first found in reduviid bug (Cone-nose bugs or triatomids) by Carlos Chagas.
Treatment for T.cruzi
- Nifurtimox (inhibits intracellular development)
- Beznidazole (inhibits nucleic acid synthesis)
- Allopurinol (treatment for T.cruzi and leishmaniases)
Also known as African sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense causes what type of disease
What type of organism is Trypanosoma brucei gambiense based on its forms
What is the other type of this parasite
What type of disease does trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense cause
What about the other “other” type
What disease does trypanosoma brucei brucei cause
Is nagana disease harmful for humans?
How does the laboratory distinguish the three types of Trypanosoma brucei
Laboratory diagnosis of T. brucei gambiense
Just familiarize except for Blood examination, Spinal fluid examination, Fluid aspirate from ulcer/lymph nodes (Winterbottom sign), Inoculation into the usual laboraory animals, TrpTect CIATT, and Serum and spinal fluid IgM measurements (Ultracentrifugation of serum usually demonstrate 4x greater its amount due to the disease antigenic variability)
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense is transmitted through
How long is the asymptomatic incubation period of T. brucei gambiense for africans? how about non africans?
Ulceration of the area of bite that presents with pain and slowly disappear that is much more common to non-africans
Can T. brucei gambiense invade the lymphatic tissue?
Involved in the elimination of antibody-sensitized trypanosomes
Invasion of lymph nodes by T.brucei gambiense is accompanied by
During fever, trypanosomes may be found in ______ numbers in the circulating blood
Which is the most common lymph node that if infected during invasion of T.brucei gambiense? What is it called as?
True or false?
The infection may terminate without overt nervous
system involvement, or this may occur at any time
after the patient develops symptoms of infection.
What is the basis of the beginning of nervous system involvement by T.brucei gambiense
Lassitude and apathy common in the later stages of the glandular phase
(There is steady progression in development
of meningoencephalitis, with general deterioration
of the patient and increase of apathy, fatigability,
confusion, and somnolence.)
Neurologic signs develop late and may cause changes in
Sign indicated by severe pain short time after pressure on the palm of the hand/over the ulnar nerve is done
True or false
In the final stages of the disease there may be profound character changes and mental detoriation
True
(may lead to hemiplegia, incontinence of urine and feces, and patient becomes harder to arose and finally leading to comatose)
Is there an amastiote form of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense?
Yes (It was found in experimental animals early in the infection in the choroid plecus)
True or false
Overt infection involves particularly the glands early in the disease and the CNS in its later stages
False. Lymphoid tisses in early stages
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense cause Hypergammaglobulinemia, what does this refer to
What is the mechanism of evasion of T. brucei gambiense
True or false
Presence of an elevated serum IgM level effectively
rules out trypanosomiasis, whereas no detectable level
in the cerebrospinal fluid is diagnostic for CNS
trypanosomiasis.
False baliktad
True or false
T. brucei gambiense can occur outside the bloodstream and can be sometimes found in the grey and white matter
Is the primary-presenting cells regulationg immune reacitivty in the CNS parenchyma
Where are T. brucei gambiense usually found? what type of tsetse fly is it most common?
What are the animal reservoirs of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Treatment for T.b. gambiense
Melarsopol- all stages
Suramin- Less toxic for early stages (Enzyme inhibitor that is only taken by trypanosomes and not mammalian cells)
Pentamidine- Interacts with the kinetoplast DNA of trypanosomes
Eflornithine- Effective for all stages of gambiense but not rhodesiense
