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FS Exam 4 > Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

3 Layers of Artery and Vein

A

Tunica Intima
Tunica Media
Tunica Adventita

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2
Q

Tunica Intima

A

Single layer of endothelial cells resting on basement membrane

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3
Q

Tunica Media

A

Smooth muscle layer

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4
Q

Tunica Adventitia

A

Outermost layer
Connective tissue
Stuff to help support the vessel - vaso vasorum

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5
Q

Elastin fibers highest in

A

Arteries

Aorta = most elastic

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6
Q

Smooth muscle highest in

A

smaller arteries

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7
Q

Collagen - a lot in

A

Vena Cava

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8
Q

Pressure High to low from Heart –>

A

Heart –> Aorta –> Muscular Arteries –> Arterioles –> Capillaries –> Venules –> Veins –> Vena Cavae

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9
Q

Aorta - Windkessel Effect

A

Minimizes pulsation, maintains steady flow
Is the elastic recoil
More elastic tissue than smooth muscle

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10
Q

Arterioles

A

Vascular smooth muscle affected by the substance the endothelium releases

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11
Q

VSM is regulated by what (Vascular smooth muscle)

A

Neural (mainly symp - ANS)
Local (Shear stress)
Hormonal

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12
Q

VSM contracts to do what

A

Help control blood pressure

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13
Q

Smooth muscle Contraction vs. Relaxation

A 
Contraction = NE and Angiotensin
Relaxation = Nitric Oxide
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14
Q

Capillary Bed - Microcitculation of smaller vessles

A

Greater SA through a large cross sectional area?

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15
Q

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

A

about 15-32 mmHg
Pressure going through capillary (highest going in, lowest at the end) - driving force to get from capillary to interstitial space

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16
Q

Capillary Oncotic Pressure

A

about 25 mmHG

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17
Q

What forces favor filtration

A

Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure *

Interstitial Oncotic Pressure

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18
Q

Interstitial Oncotic Pressure

A

0.1 - 5 mmHg

Force that drives fluid to it - to the solute?

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19
Q

What forces favor reabsorption

A

Capillary Oncotic Pressure

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

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20
Q

Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure

A

1-7 mmHg

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21
Q

What is favored at venous end? or distal end

A

Reabsorption

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22
Q

What is favored at entrance of capillary

A

Filtration

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23
Q

Determinants of Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure

A
  1. increased arterial pressure
  2. Increased venous pressure
  3. Increased arteriolar resistance (precapillary)
  4. Increased venous resistance (postcapillary)
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24
Q

What would lead to edema?

A

Favors excess filtration

inc arterial pressure, inc in venous pressure, increase in venous resistance

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25
Q

Lymphatics

A

Remove excess interstitial fluid to prevent edema

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26
Q

Fluid and protein return to circulation via

A

Subclavian veins

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27
Q

What facilitates lymph flow

A

lymphatic valves and contraction of skeletal muscle

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28
Q

Veins act as a ____ because of ____

A

reservoir - compliance allows this

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29
Q

Compliance =

A

Change in volume ove change in pressure

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30
Q

Compliance is greater in veins or arteries

A

20X greater in veins than arteries

Contains 2/3s of the total BV

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31
Q

Venules

A

Drain capillary network

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32
Q

Veins

A

Has smooth muscle (can venoconstrict)

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33
Q

Large Veins

A

superior and inferior vena cava

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34
Q

Venous pressure is affected by:

A
  1. Hydrostatic pressure due to gravity
  2. Venous distention
  3. Blood volume
  4. Vaso- Veno constriction
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35
Q

Varicose veins

A

Valves are dysfunctional and pressure builds up

36
Q

at low transmural pressure on vein what kind of compliance do we have

A

large compliance

37
Q

AS vein has more pressure on it compliance goes____

A

down

38
Q

Venous return in facilitated by

A
  1. venoconstriction
  2. valves in veins
  3. skeletal muscle contraction
  4. respiration
  5. vasomomotor tone
  6. blood volume
39
Q

Where is the biggest drop in pressure?

A

arterioles

They are the resistors - more resistance to flow will drop pressure

40
Q

Arteries

A

High pressure, high resistance

41
Q

Veins

A

Low pressure, high volume

42
Q

Vascular Smooth muscle vs. skeletal muscle

A
  1. fibers are smaller
  2. single central nucleus
  3. no T-tubular system
  4. SR poorly developed
  5. few mitochondria
  6. dense bodies (instead of z disks)
  7. non striated
  8. tonic constrictions - constant contractile tone on smooth muscle
43
Q

Stimuli for contraction

A 
Mechanical = stretch
Electrical = opening of Ca channels
Chemical = NE, Angiotensin II...
44
Q

Smooth Muscle Tone is conferred by

A
  1. Small but constant influence of neurohormonal substances on blood vessels
  2. slow wave potentials
45
Q

Slow wave potentials

A

depolariztion independent of nerve stimulation

46
Q

Smooth muscle tone vs skeletal muscle contraction

A

Longer delay for contraction to occur (50x skeletal muscle) following by more prolonged contraction

47
Q

Smooth muscle contraction diff from skeletal muscle

A
  1. Myosin has to be phosphorylated (myosin light chain kinase) to activate myosin light chain
  2. Ca is required to initiate contraction; binds to calmodulin and this regulates MLCK
  3. Tropomyosin yes, toponin no
  4. Slower ATPase activity
  5. Relaxation requires myosin phosphatase
48
Q

LaPlace’s Law

A

Wall Tension

The necessary force to hold together a theoretical slit occurring in a vessel wall

49
Q

LaPlace’s Equation

A 
T = Ptr
T = tension
Pt = transmural pressure
r = radius
Aorta = highest tension - aneurysm
50
Q

Aneurysm

A

saclike enlargement of artery wall = inc radius = lower wall thickness = inc wall stress

51
Q

Risk factors to aneurysm

A 
hypertension
smoking
obesity 
atherosclerosis
hypercholesterolemia 
genetic component too
52
Q

Vessel wall ____ pipes

A

ARE NOT

reduce work of the system with more distensibility

53
Q

Ohms Law

A 
V = I x R
P = F x R (flow times resistance)
54
Q

Conductance =

A

1/R

R = resistance

55
Q

MAP

A

CO x TPR (total peripheral resistance)

TPR = determind primarily from arterioles

56
Q

How do we calculate MAP

A

DBP + 1/3 PP
Diastolic blood pressure
pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic

57
Q

More viscous does what to resistance

More length does what to resistance

A

Both increase it

58
Q

The more you inc pressure ____ with flow

A

Increase

59
Q

Inc radius of a vessel ___ to resistance and flow

A

Decrease the resistance

Increase flow

60
Q

Order of 2 increase in radius

A

2 2 2 2 = 16 change in flow of vessel

61
Q

Vascular beds with least resistance

A

Get the most flow

blood follows the path of least resistance

62
Q

During exercise what circulation has least resistance

A

Skeletal muscle - least resistance, more flow

Most = stuff youre not using

63
Q

Viscosity

A

lack of slipperiness btw adjacent layers of moving fluid
as viscosity inc, pressure required for flow increases
V causes inc in resistance

64
Q

Viscosity is influenced largely by ___

A

hematocrit

Inc hematocrit will inc viscosity and resistance

65
Q

Flow

A 
Volume of fluid that passes a specific point per unit of time
CO or muscle blood flow
P1-P2
\_\_\_\_
R
66
Q

Velocity

A

distance blood travels per unit time

Q/CSA

67
Q

Greater cross sectional area____

A

decrease velocity

68
Q

Flow

A

stays constant even with change in CSA

69
Q

Greatest cross sectional area

Arteries capillaries or veins

A

Capillaries

70
Q

Velocity the lowest

Arteries capillaries or veins

A

Capillaries

More time for exchange

71
Q

Velocity has what kid of relationship with CSA?

A

Inverse
Highest velocity when CSA is lowest
Flow stays the same

72
Q

Reynolds number consists of what

A

flow velocity, vessel diameter, blood density and inversely related to blood viscosity

73
Q

Higher Reynolds number = ____ turbulent flow

A

More

74
Q

Where would you see turbulent flow?

A 
1. Taking blood pressure
You are creating a turbulent flow 
Occlude arm flow when start and then as release pressure you are creating turbulence and then gone when you are done - laminar after  
2. vascular disease
3. high blood flow velocity
4. large vessel diameter 
5. abrupt changes in vessel diameter
6. anywhere that branch points occur
7. decreased blood viscosity
75
Q

Turbulence ____ pressure gradient to generate a given amount of flow

A

increases

76
Q

Systolic

A

Peak pressure exerted during systole
Reflects cardiac output
120mmHg

77
Q

Diastolic

A

minimum pressure in arteries during diastole
Reflects total peripheral resistance
80mmHg

78
Q

Mean Arterial Pressure

A

Average BP of one cardiac cycle

Diastolic BP + 1/3 PP

79
Q

Pulse Pressure

A

SBP - DBP

80
Q

With exercise what happens to sys and diastole

A

Systolic will increase (can get to 200)

Diastolic will stay the same or go down

81
Q

What will lead BP to increase?

A
  1. Blood volume inc
  2. HR inc.
  3. SV inc
  4. Blood viscosity inc.
  5. Peripheral resistance inc.
82
Q

P =

A

F x R

83
Q

Flow =

A

CO = HR x SV

84
Q

SV =

A

EDV - ESV

85
Q

____ is most guarded variable

A

Pressure

86
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system act?

A

Resistance
HR
SV

87
Q

Quick ways to change pressure

A

Inc flow and R and thereby inc pressure

Change HR or change resistance = quick ways

FS Exam 4 (6 decks)

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