hemeonc ch1

Question 1

what does a complete blood count (cbc w diff) include? (6 things)

Answer 1

• wbc
• hgb/hct
• rbc count
• rbc indices
• wbc diff
• plt count

Question 2

what is leukocytosis? what is it due to?

Answer 2

increase in WBCs 10,000 <

- infxn, inflammation, leukemia (fighting it so increases)

Question 3

define leukopenia? what causes it?

Answer 3

dec. in WBCs <5000

- BM failure

Question 4

order of leukocytes from largest to smallest

Answer 4

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 5

define hemoglobin and it’s #

Answer 5

protein that carries O2 in blood
Males: 14-18
Females 12-16

Question 6

what is Hematocrit and it’s normal volume

Answer 6

RBCs out of total blood volume; Males 42-52; females 37-47

Question 7

define MCV and it’s normal measurement

Answer 7

size of RBC; 80-100*

Question 8

what best classifies anemias and what are the 3 types

Answer 8

MCV* 80-100

Microcytic, Normocytic, Macrocytic

Question 9

what is MCH and what is its measurment

Answer 9

amount of HGB per RBC

30-34

Question 10

what is MCHC and its measurement

Answer 10

avg conc. of Hgb in RBCs;

31-37

Question 11

what is an immature RBC called?

Answer 11

reticulocyte

Question 12

what determines bone marrow function

Answer 12

reticulocyte

Question 13

would post-hemolysis* indicate an increased OR decreased retic count?

Answer 13

increased retic count - inc rbc production

Question 14

what is the most abundant cell type

Answer 14

RBC

Question 15

what is a Hemoglobin molecule composed of?

Answer 15

4 globin chains (2 alpha;2 beta) with 4 heme groups (containing iron)

Question 16

what does heme bind to? what binds to globin portion?

Answer 16

O2 binds to heme; Co2 binds to globin

Question 17

what type of hemoglobin due kids have more of?

Answer 17

HbF

Question 18

what is the primary function of leukocytes

Answer 18

immune response

Question 19

what wbc are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes?

Answer 19

granulocytes: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
agranulocytres: lymphocytes, monocytes

Question 20

which leukocyte is involved in acute bacterial infection?

Answer 20

Neutrophils

Question 21

which Leukocyte is involves in parasitic infection?

Answer 21

eosinophil

Question 22

which leukocyte is involved in inflammatory response and vasodilation?

Answer 22

basophils

Question 23

what are lymphicytes

Answer 23

t cells and B cells

Question 24

what utilizes antibody production against target (humoral immunity)?

Answer 24

B cells

Question 25

what acts directly against target? (cell mediated)

Answer 25

T cells

Question 26

what is the role of macrophages?

Answer 26

circulating macrophages/phagocytic

Question 27

what is a peripheral smear used for?

Answer 27

allows for microscopic evaluation of cell shape, number, qualities

Question 28

the formation of red blood cells is known as ____

Answer 28

hematopoiesis

Question 29

where does hematopoiesis occur in adults vs children?

Answer 29

bone marrow*** vs spleen/liver

Question 30

where is EPO formed and what is it produced in response to?

Answer 30

produced in the kidney to send oxygen to tissues

Question 31

a decreased EPO with renal failure leads to

Answer 31

anemia

Question 32

anisocytosis

Answer 32

abnl variation in size

Question 33

what are cells with decreased concentration of Hgb called?

Answer 33

hypochromia

Question 34

what is abnormal cell shape called?

Answer 34

poikilocytosis

Question 35

a low hematocrit and hemoglobin signify

Answer 35

anemia

Question 36

what does it mean if reticulocytes are LOW?

Answer 36

problem is IN the marrow --> low RBC production

Question 37

what does it mean if reticulocytes are HIGH?

Answer 37

problem is NOT in the marrow --> reflects ongoing RBC production

Question 38

what are the examples of microcytic anemia?

Answer 38

iron deficiency, lead poisoning, thalassemia, sickle cell, and sideroblastic

Question 39

describe the labs of iron deficiency anemia

Answer 39

``` low MCV (microcytic/small shape); Low MCH (hypochromic, low Hgb) **low serum iron, HIGH TIBC, low ferritin, dec percent transferrin saturation*** ```

Question 40

where does iron absorption mainly take place?

Answer 40

duodenum

Question 41

describe the patho of iron deficiency

Answer 41

no iron = no heme = no hgb= no O2 = no RBC

Question 42

what is the protein that stores iron in the cells?

Answer 42

ferritin

Question 43

what happens to ferritin levels in iron deficiency?

Answer 43

decreases- in effort to free up iron to become heme

Question 44

what measures the amount of free iron in the serum?

Answer 44

Serum Iron (Fe)

Question 45

what is an indirect measure of transferring?

Answer 45

Total iron binding capacity (TIBC)

Question 46

what holds iron in the serum and what happens to this during iron deficiency?

Answer 46

Transferrin - elevates during iron def as a futile attempt to gather more iron

Question 47

what is the most common cause of anemia

Answer 47

iron deficiency anemia

Question 48

what is the most common cause of iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 48

CHRONIC blood loss

Question 49

symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 49

ASYMPTOMATIC*** other times are sob, fatigue, weak

Question 50

type of mutated anemia that results in one or more globin chain loss

Answer 50

thalassemia

Question 51

what does thalassemia lead to ____?

Answer 51

hemolysis

Question 52

a classic finding of microcytosis out of porpotion to the degree of anemia is known as?

Answer 52

thalassemia

Question 53

how many and what -globin is in thalassemia

Answer 53

2 beta globin genes vs 4 alpha thalessemis

Question 54

trait/silent carrier vs thalassemia major

Answer 54

trait/silent (mild) | transfusion defencity

Question 55

what is the gold standard for evaluating iron deficiency

Answer 55

hemoglobin electrophoresis

Question 56

what does hemoglobin electrophoreissis due?

Answer 56

evaluates the type of Hgb in RBCs