Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MLT > Heme Test > Flashcards

Heme Test Flashcards

1
Q

Malignant disease of normal bone marrow. Replacement of normal bone marrow with abnormal (neoplastic) blood cells.

A

Leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

2 Most common adult leukemias

A

acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphoid leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ratio of adult to child with leukemia

A

10:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most common leukemia in children

A

acute lymphoblastic leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

WBC is generally increased in this type of leukemia

A

Chronic leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

This gene regulates cell proliferation and tumor suppressor genes and its mutation is related to leukemia.

A

Oncogene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Leukemia is classified according to?

A

Cell type, its maturity and cell lineage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Smudge cells are seen in what leukemia?

A

chronic lymphoid leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Auer rod is indicative of this leukemia?

A

acute myeloid leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

According to WHO For acute leukemias __% of blasts must be found in peripheral blood for diagnosis confirmation.

A

20%

FAB requires 30%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blasts are larger in AML or ALL?

A

AML

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

This test is useful in differentiating AML(+ blasts) from ALL(- blasts) and is more specific than the Sudan black B stain.

A

Myeloperoxidase stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Phospholipids, neutral fats, and sterols are stained by this. Differentiates AML from ALL, used when specimen is not fresh.

A

Sudan black B stain (SBB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This stain, not as sensitive as others, tests positive in neutrophils, basophils, mast cells and their precursors only. Main use is demonstrating myeloid differentiation in paraffin-embeded tissue.

A

Specific esterase stain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stain used to identify monocytic cells. Positive in these cells while negative in granulocytic cells. Seperates mono (+) from myelo(-) blasts.

A

Nonspecific esterase test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stains for glycogen and related compounds. Strong positivity may be present in eryhtroblasts in erythroleukemia. Helps differentiate from pernicious anemia.

A

Periodic Acid-Schiff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A unique nuclear enzyme found in the majority of lymphoblastic leukemias, allowing the distinction of ALL from AML.

A

TDT terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

18
Q

What stain is used to identify Hairy Cell Leukemia?

A

TRAP- Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase Stain

19
Q

Myeloid CD markers

A

CD 14
CD33
CD13
CD 117

20
Q

Lymphoid CD markers

A 
CD 19
CD 10
Common ALL antigen (CALLA)
CD 20
HLA-DR
21
Q

CD markers used to identify AML

A 
CD 33
CD13
CD14
CD11b
CD 117
22
Q

Most common translocation in precursor B-cell ALL in children with peak incidence 2-5 years

A

ALL with t(12;21): TEL-AML1

23
Q

ALL with Results in the formation of an abnormal fusion protein

A

t(1:19): PBX1-E2A

24
Q

Seen in the most common form of ALL infancy

A

t(4;11): AF4-MLL

25
Q

most useful marker for distinguishing HCL from other B-cell leukemias

A

CD103

26
Q 
System widely in use to predict prognosis of CML
Criteria is based upon:
Age
Splenomegaly
Platelet count (platelets > 700,000)
Blast count
A

Sokol Score

27
Q

Trisomy 12

Deletions/translocations 13q14

A

B-CLL

28
Q

In DNA, Each nucleotide is composed of one of four different types of nitrogenous bases

A

Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine

29
Q

is a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes

A

translocation

30
Q

Purpose to detect and localize specific DNA sequences in G-banded metaphase chromosomes using a labeled probe

Advantages
Permits visualization of target DNA in the (karyotypic visualization of metaphase chromosomes
Aids in the diagnosis of DiGeorge Syndrome
Disadvantages
Metaphase analysis requires live cells capable of entering mitosis
Visualization of fluorochromes requires an input light source
(fluorochromes fades with time)

A

Fluorescent In-situ Hybridization (FISH)

31
Q

Purpose is to localize DNA or RNA to particular cells in a tissue section
Clinical Applications
Localize foreign organisms in relation to lesion cells
Important for pathogens that might also exist as normal flora
Detect and localize gene expression by targeting RNA transcripts
Advantages
Permits visualization of target nucleic acid in the context of cytologic and morphological features
Sensitive to low numbers of affected cells
Disadvantage
Difficult to obtain adequate sensitivity for detecting single copy targets.

A

In-Situ Hybridization

32
Q

Used to amplify target DNA a billion fold so that it may be easily detected
Works by enzymatically replicating one particular segment of DNA in a patient’s sample
1st amplification method be introduced into clinical laboratories
Clinical Applications
Measure tumor burden to monitor efficacy of anticancer therapy
Measure the viral load to monitor the efficacy of antiviral therapy
Selectively amplify DNA that has a particular disease associated defect such as JAK2 point mutation or PML/RARA translocation

Advantages
Extremely sensitive to low numbers of target sequences
Small sample size requirement
Relatively fast and inexpensive unless extensive post-amplification is required
Disadvantages
Extreme precautions are require to avoid cross contamination of samples or reagents by extraneous DNA

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

33
Q

Purpose is to detect RNA:

Advantages
Sensitive to low numbers of target sequences
Small sample size requirement
Disadvantages
RNA is labile, RNA-based testing requires meticulous care to avoid degradation by RNases
Avoiding cross contamination of samples or reagents

A

RT-PCR

34
Q

Analyzes the molecular structure of DNA to identify disease specific genetic alterations
Most accurate method of detecting clonal gene rearrangement in lymphoid neoplasms

Advantages
Most accurate method of detecting clonal gene rearrangement in lymphoid neoplasms
Disadvantages
Sensitivity is relatively low
Labor-intensive and costly
Relatively long turnaround time
Requires fresh or frozen tissue and not amenable to formalin-fixed tissue

A

Southern Blot

35
Q

Determine the nucleotide order in a given gene and compare it to that of health individuals
Screen for mutations (deletions or insertion events) associated with disease
Clinical Applications
Detect mutation of the HBB(beta globin)gene in a patient with beta thal
Predict drug responsiveness or resistance in patients with CML treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors
Perform HIV genotyping to predict which drugs will be effective
Advantages
Sequencing considered the gold standard assay for detecting mutations
Disadvantages
Expensive and relatively insensitive to acquired mutations affecting fewer than 20% of cells in the sample

A

DNA Sequencing

36
Q

Trisomy 8 AML-

A

Acute Myelocytic Leukemia

37
Q

t(15;17)

A

AML-M3

38
Q

inv(16)

A

AML-M4

39
Q

t(9:22)

A

CML (or ALL)- acquired mutation

40
Q

del(5q)

A

MDS

MLT (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions