heme/onc anatomy Flashcards
What molecule(s) do RBCs use for energy? How do RBCs move CO2?
glucose for energy. RBCs have a chloride-HCO3- antiporter that allows them to export HCO3- and transport CO2 from the periphery to the lungs
(in the periphery, CO2 goes into the cell and is converted to HCO3- and H+. this lowers the CO2 in the RBC and allows more to come into the RBC, esp. as bicarb is exchanged out. “chloride shift = chloride in venous blood is lower than in arterial blood. conversely, in the lungs, oxygen comes in and displaces H+ from hemoglobin. this shifts the equilibrium towards CO2 production from bicarb and H+, and CO2 can therefore be offloaded).
What are the granules found within platelets? What are contained in the granules? What is the receptor for vWF? What is the fibrinogen receptor?
platelets contain dense granules (contain ADP and calcium) and alpha granules (contain vWF, fibrinogen).
vWF receptor is GpIb
fibrinogen receptor: GpIIb/IIIa
What is the goal of primary hemostasis? What is the process of primary hemostasis? Include key players, receptors, 4 steps, etc.
goal: form a temporary, weak platelet plug. mediated by interaction between platelets and the vessel wall.
4 step process:
1. Transient vasoconstriction of vessel mediated by endothelin release from endothelial cells and reflex neural stim.
2. Platelet adhesion: vWF from Weibel-Palade bodies (also have p-selectin) of the endothelial cells and from alpha-granules of platelets binds exposed subendothelial collagen. Platelets bind vWF using the GpIb receptor.
3. Platelet degranulation: platelets change shape and release mediators: ADP is released from dense granules and promotes exposure of GPIIb/IIa receptors. TXA2 (made by COX) promotes platelet aggregation.
4. Platelet aggregation: aggregate via GPIIb/IIIa using fibrinogen as a linking molecule.
What do monocytes do? What do they look like?
differentiate into macrophages in the tissues. have large, kidney shaped nucleus. lots of frosted glass cytoplasm
What activates macrophages? What is the cell surface marker?
activated by gamma interferon. CD14 is cell surface marker. important component of granulomas
What is found within the basophils?
granules with heparin, histamine, leukotrienes.
What drug prevents mast cell degranulation?
cromolyn sodium
plasma cell: function, appearance
produces large amounts of antibody specific to a particular antigen. eccentric nucleus, clock-face chromatin distribution, abundant RER, well-developed golgi. multiple myeloma is cancer of the plasma cells.
Blood typing: universal RBC donor vs. universal serum donor
universal RBC donor is O- no antigen on surface.
universal serum donor is AB: no antibodies in serum.
differences between anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies
anti-A and anti-B are IgM antibodies and therefore don’t cross the placenta. anti-Rh antibodies are IgG and DO cross the placenta- can be very dangerous for Rh positive kids in Rh negative moms. we prevent this with Rho immune globulin for mom during every pregnancy to prevent initial sensitization of Rh- mom to Rh antigen.
