Heme onc Flashcards
protein C or S deficiency–> mech? pres?
can’t inactivate V and VIII incr. thrombotic skin necrosis and hemorrhage post warfarin administration
Burkitt’s translocation
8:14, c-myc
CLL presentation
often asympto maybe autoimmune hemolytic anemia
HbC mutation
glutamic acid to lysine at residue 6 of B globin
heme synthesis AA source, cofactor, rate limiting, inhibitors
gly + B6 ala synthase : rate (affected in x-linked sideroblastic anemias) glucose and heme inhibit
8:14 translocation
burkitts, cmyc
drug that prevents mast cell degranulation
cromylyn sodium
lead poisoning kids vs. adults
succimer for kids dimercaprol and EDTA for adults
RBC membrane prot–>sequester HCO3
HCO3/Cl antiporter
adult T cell lymphoma pres
cutaneous japan, w afr, caribbean *aggressive
costimulatory signal for T cells
CD28
what activates/inactivates bradykinin
activates: kallikrein inactivates: ACE
mantle cell lymphoma translocation
11:14 cyclin D1
imatinib toxicity
fluid retention
trastuzumab mech
antiHER-2 (HER2 = TK)
eosinphils make arylsulfatase purpose
limit reaction after mast cell degranulation
1-2 allele a-globin deletion->?
nothing really, insignificant
pharm cause of B12 deficiency
longterm PPI
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia mech
IgG against heparin-pt factor 4-> activate pts->thrombosis and thrombocytopenia
tPA works by?
activating plasmin which cleaves fibrin mesh
T cell marker
CD3
thrombomodulin mech/fxn
activate protein c–>put brakes on thrombus formation
MTX vs. 5FU and leucovorin rescue
MTX myelosuppression: leucovorin reverses 5-FU not fixed
ferrochelatase reaction
adds Fe to protoporphyrin to form heme
reed sternberg cells and hodgkin’s dx
necessary, not sufficient
CML vs. infection lab difference
infxn response: incr. leukocyte alkaline phosphatase CML: decr.!
waldenstorm’s macroglobulinemia vs. MM
no lytic bone lesions (may still see hyperviscosity sx)
hairy cell leukemia tx
cladribine (adenosine analog) (clad in a hair shirt)
antithrombin deficiency labs
incr. in PTT decreases w/heparin administration (heparin activates antithrombin)
G6PD rbc appearance
heinz (denatured Hb) and bite
packed RBCs are used for?
acute blood loss, severe anemia
platelet plug formation* stop and draw
vWF binds exposed collagen pts bind vWF w/GpIb pts release ADP and Ca ADP–>pts adhere ADP binding induces GpIIb/IIIa on pts fibrinogen binds GpIIb/IIIa linked pts
pt life span
8-10 d
intravascular hemolysis labs
*haptoglobin decr incr. LDH Hb in urine
nitrosureas uses
crosses CNS!
bevacizumab mech
antiVEGF
eptifibatide mech
GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor
bivalirudin mech
hirudin derivative from leeches inhibits thrombin heparin alternative for HIT pts
2 pathologies underlying howell-jolly bodies
asplenia/hyposplenia *after naphthalene ingestion!
what activates antithrombin?
heparin
cryoprecipitate used for?
treat coag deficiencies involving fibrinogen and factor VIII (contains fibrinogen, VIII, XIII, vWF, fibronectin)
vWF receptor
Gp1b
pulmonary fibrosis chemo drug
busulfan/bleomycin
aspirin effect on coagulation
blocks cox–>decr. txa2 (pro aggregation)
pancytopenia BM appearance
nl cells, fatty infiltrate = dry BM tap
von willebrand’s disease tx
DDAVP (desmopressin) ->release vWF stores in endothelium
CML translocation
9:22 (philadelphia, bcr-abl)
langerhans cell histiocytosis presentation
kids, lytic bone lesions, skin rash
clopidogrel mech
irrev. blocks pt adp receptor expression!!
mycosis fungoides/sezary syndrome pres and marker
indolent, patches, nodules CD4
heparin key SE and reversal
osteoporosis protamine sulfate reverses (+ charge, binds - heparin)
B thal major presentation
homozygote absent B: blood transfusion marrow expansion: crew cut and chipmunk incr. HbF (a2y2)
M3 AML presentation
often w/DIC
vinblastine SE
vinblastine blasts bone marrow
Reed sternberg cell markers
CD30 and 15
low molecular weight heparin advantages
longer half life, better bioavailability subcutaneous administration w/o lab monitoring
target cell underlying pathology
HbC disease asplenia liver thalassemia HALT
what accumulates in acute intermittent porphyria
porphobilinogen dALA (also in lead) uroporphyrin (in urine)
macrophage surface marker
CD14
nitrosureas SE
CNS toxicity (of course, you use it because it crosses BBB)
anticoag during pregnancy
heparin: does not cross placenta
tirfiban mech
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor
cyclophosphamide mech
x link DNA at guanine N-7 liver activates
poikilocytosis means
cells of diff shapes
vincristine SE
neurotox
Von Willebrand’s disease dx
ristocetin cofactor assay
most common hodgkin’s type
nodular sclerosing
alteplase mech
thrombolytic (all the eplases)
sickle cell xray
crew cut like in thalassemias
WBC highly phagocytic for ag:ab complexes
eosinophil
vemurafenib mech
small molecule inhibitor of B-Raf kinase w/V600E mutation for metastatic melanoma
burkitt’s histo
starry sky (lymphos w/interspersed macros)
follicular lymphoma translocation
14;18 bcl-2
4 allele a-globin deleiton–>
hydrops fetalis, y4 Hb (barts)
3 proaggregation of pt factors
TXA2 (from pts) decr. blood flow incr. aggregation
a-thalassemia defect
a-globin deletions!
acute intermittent porphyria tx
glucose and heme (inhibit ala synthase, rate limiting)
imatinib mech
bcr-abl TK Inhibitor
acanthocyte/spur cell associated pathology
liver disease or abetalipoproteinemia
pyruvate kinase deficiency RBCs and pres
decr. PK–>decr. ATP–>*rigid RBCs hemolytic anemia (extravasc) in newborn*
warm agglutinin association
SLE, CLL, drugs (a-methyldopa)
AML translocation
15:17: M3 subtype :)
cromolyn sodium mechanism
prevent mast cell degranulation
Bernard-Soulier syndrome deficiency
Gp1b (pt receptor for vWF)
fibrinogen receptor
GpIIb-IIIa–>pt aggregation
vWF labs
incr. BT, PTT may increase (from not carrying/protecting VIII)
calcium changes on blood transfusion?
hypOCa risk (citrate chelates)
chemodrug–>acoustic nv damage
cisplatin/carboplatin (w/nephrotox)
cyclphosphamide se
hemorrhagic cystitis (mesna rescue binds toxic metabolite) ifosfamide too!
bernard-soulier syndrome labs, mechanism
decr. Gp1b->decr. pt-VWF adhesion decr. plug formation incr. bleed time, decr. pt count
neutrophil granule contents
specific: alk phos, collagenase, lysozyme, lactoferrin azurophilic: (aka lysozomes) acid phosphatase, peroxidase, B-glucoronidase
cardiotoxic chemo drugs
doxorubicin, trastuzumab
hemorrhagic cystitis chemo drug
cyclophosphamide/ifosfamide
glanzmann’s thrombasthenia deficiency
GpIIb/IIIa
heterozygote B thalassemia pres
usually asympto incr. HbA2 (>3.5%) B-thal minor
busulfan uses
CML and **get rid of pt BM pre txpl
tamoxifen vs. raloxifene toxicity
tamoxifen–>endometrial CA, hot flashes raloxifene: just relax (endometrial antag)
pt granule contents
dense granules: ADP, Ca a granules: vWF, fibrinogen
4 antiaggregation of pt factors
PGI2 NO (both from endos) incr. blood flow decr. pt aggregation
abciximab mech
block GpIIb/IIIa
pt pool stored where
spleen (1/3 of it)
fresh frozen plasma used for?
increasing coag factors DIC cirrhosis warfarin OD
factor V Leiden mutation–>?
factor 5 resistant to protein C inactivation
4 causes of non-megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
DNA synth unimpaired liver dis EtOH reticulocytosis drugs
TTP labs, deficiency, pres
deficient ADAMTS13 (vWF metalloprotease): decr. vWF multimer degradation incr. pt aggregation and thrombosis, decr. pt survival incr. BT, decr. PT labs: schistocytes (microangiopathic), incr. LDH sx: neuro, renal, fever, thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic
aspirin OD–> alk/acid?
metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis
ALL markers
TdT+ and CALLA+
PNH mutation pres labs tx
mutation: impaired DAF or GPI anchor–>incr. compl on RBCs acquired in stem cells pres: hemolytic anemia, pancytopenia, venous thrombosis labs: CD55/59 - RBCs** tx: eculizumab (binds C5)
AML histo
auer rods: peroxidase + release of auer rods->DIC
vitamin K activation path
epoxide reductase activates it
cold agglutinin association
mycoplasma pneumonia, mono, CLL (CLL also warm associated)
langerhans histocytosis cell msarkers
s-100 + (neural crest) CD1a birbeck granules (tennis rackets)
porphyria cutanea tarda presentation
blistering cutaneous photosensitivity *most common porphyria!
why are sickle cell babies asympto?
more HbF
basophilic stippling associated pathology
TAL thalassemia anemia chronic disease lead
CML presentation
incr. neutro, metamyelocytes, basos splenomegaly may–>AML/ALL
thrombolytics mech
eventually incr. plasminogen to plasmin plasmin cleaves thrombin and fibrin clots nl pt ct, incr. pt, ptt
K changes on transfusion?
hyperK risk (RBCs may lyse in old blood units)
6MP key toxicity
xanthine oxidase inhibits so allopurinol increases toxicity (like BM, GI, liver)
vWF fxn
carry/protect VIII
reversible sideroblastic anemia causes
EtOH Lead isoniazid
prothrombin gene mutation–>disorder? pres?
mutate 3’ untranslated->incr! prothrombin production, increased levels and venous clots
schistocyte associated pathology
DIC TTP/HUS mechanical (i.e. valve)
worst prognosis hodgkin’s type
lymphocyte mixed or depleted
antithrombin inactivates what
II, VII, IX, X, XI, XII
macrophages activated by? (cytokine)
IFNy
Heinz bodies are composed of?
denatured Hb due to Hb sulfhydryl groups ->bite cells
BT incr. if?
Pt plug formation off (pt abnormalities)
acute intermittent prophyria affects what enzyme
prophobilinogen deaminase (acute intermittent PORPHyria)
CML tx
imatinib (small molecule inhibitor of bcr-abl TK)
sickle cell tx
hydroxyurea: ->HbF!! and BM txpl
hydroxyurea mechanism for chemotx
inhibit ribonucleotide reductase decr. synth (S specific)
B12 vs. folate deficiency homocysteine and methylmalonic acid
folate: incr. homocysteine, nl methylmalonic B12: incr. both (BBBoth)
Busulfan SE
pulmonary fibrosis hyperpigmentation
warfarin SEs
teratogen (crosses placenta) skin/tissue necrosis (esp w/prot c/s deficiency) bleed intxns
ticlopidine mech
irrev. block of pt adp receptor expression!!
rituximab mech
anti CD20 (bcell)
lead poisoning biochem mech
inhibit ferrochelatase and ALA dehydratase (leaD) inhibit rRNA degredation–>basophilic stippling
what accumulates in porphyria cutanea tarda
uroporphyrin (->tea urine)
DIC labs
incr. bt, decr. pts incr. PT and PTT (used up factors) incr. d dimers (fibrin split product) decr. fibrinogen (used up) decr. V and VIII
lepirudin mech
hirudin derivative, from leeches inhibit thrombin heparin alternative for HIT pts
bleomycin SE
lung fibrosis! skin not so much myelo :)
ITP labs, defect
anti-GpIIb/IIIa abs–>spleen eats pt-ab complexes decr. pt, incr. bt incr. megakaryocytes (to replace pts)
protein C mech
protein C, activated by thrombomodulin on endos w/protein S it inactivates V and VIII
cisplatin/carboplatin key toxicity
nephro and acoustic nerve damage amifostine and chloride diuresis prevent nephrotoxicity!
Multiple myeloma associated sx
CRAB (hyperCa, renal, anemia, bone lesions/back pain
hereditary spherocytosis findings
splenomegaly *aplastic crisis i.e. from parvovirus
HbS mutation
glu–>val (vs. lys for HbC) at position 6
trastuzumab toxicity
cardiotoxicity
3 allele a-globin deletion->?
HbH disease, B4 hemoglobine = HbH
ALL translocation
12:21 is a good one to have: better prognosis :)
extravascular hemolysis labs
incr. LDH incr. UCB–>jaundice
busulfan mech
NDA alkylator
thromboplastin aka and fxn
aka tissue factor activates factor 7
CLL blood smear
smudge cells
dactinomycin mech
DNA intercalation
primary anemia lab value change in pregnancy/OCP
incr. transferrin/TIBC ->decr. % sat, other labs nl
3 key myelosuppression chemo drugs
5-FU and 6-MP methotrexate (leucovorin)
dipyridamole mech
PDEIII inhibitor incr. cAMP in pts inhibit aggregation vasodilate
which has more constitutional sx: hodgkin’s or non
hodgkin’s
sideroblastic anemia mutation
d-ala Synthase (Sideroblastic) x-linked
bite cell underlying
G6PD deficiency
etopiside/teniposide mech
inhibit topoisomerase II–>DNA degadation
ADP binding on pts–>?
GpIIb/IIIa insertion on surface
ALL spreads to?
CNS and testes
cilostazol mech
PDEIII inhibitor–>incr. cAMP in pts inhibits aggregation vasodilates
ticlodipine toxicity
neutropenia
ALL imaging
may see mediastinal mass (thymic infiltration)
14;18
follicular lymphoma bcl-2 activation
direct coombs: looking for?
pt Ig bound to pt’s RBCs
asian vs. african alpha thal
asian: cis: spontaneous abortions african: trans
porphyria cutanea tarda enzyme
uroporphyinogen decarboxylase
peripheral neuropathy chemo drug
vincristine
MGUS vs. MM
asymptomatic MM 1-2% to MM/yr
doxorubicin mech
makes free rads and DNA intercalation
B thal mutations
splice sites and promotors–>decr. synthesis
multiple myeloma rbc smears
rouleaux
what prevents doxorubicin cardiotoxicity
dexrazoxane iron chelator
thrombolytic OD treatment
aminocaproic acid (inhibits fibrinolysis)
burkitt’s, sporadic form, body location
pelvis or abd (vs. jaw in africa)
B thal population
mediterranean
follicular lymphoma prognosis
indolent so hard to cure
pt transfusions are used for?
stopping significant bleeding
9:22 translocation
CML (bcr-abl)
RS cells and hodgkin’s prognosis
strong response against: better prognosis
bradykinin–>?
vasodilate permeability pain
vincristine/vinblastine vs. paclitaxel/…taxol mech
vincristin: blocks polymerization paclitaxel: stabilizes
low molecular weight heparin disadvantage
not as reversible
what accumulates in lead poisoning
protoporphyrin and dALA in the blood
tamoxifen/raloxifene mech
SERM estrogen antag in breast agonist in bone
anisocytosis means
cells of diff size
11:14 translocation
mantle cell, cyclin D1
orotic aciduria mutation, tx, pres
UMP synthase mutation (makes uridine from orotic acid) megaloblastic anemia in kids, B12/folate do not correct + glossitis tx: uridine monophosphate (bypass)
fibrinogen receptor
GpIIb/IIIa
mantle cell lymphoma prognosis
bad
glanzmann’s thrombasthenia labs, defect
decr. GpIIb/IIIa–>defective aggregation smear: no pt clumping long BT, nl pt ct
bleomycin mech
free rads break DNA
mantle cell lymphoma cell marker
CD5
best prognosis hodgkin’s type
nodular sclerosing/lymphocyte richg
symptoms of acute intermittent porphyria
5Ps painful abd portwine urine polyneuropathy psych precipitated by drugs
sideroblastic anemia tx
B6 (alaSynthase cofactor)