Heme/Labs Flashcards
Too Few Cellular Elements are Named with the Suffix
Cytopenias
Too Many Cellular Element are Named with the Suffix:
Cytoses
Erythrocytopenia is Generally Called?
Anemia
what is an anemia
is a sign, not a disease, and as such, it may be the first indication of many other diseases and conditions from nutritional deficiencies to genetic abnormalities, from connective tissue diseases to a GI Bleeding
Anemias can range in terms from various signs such as?
may be a just a laboratory abnormality with no symptoms or it may be so severe that it is life-threatening
Erythrocytosis is Generally Associated with?
Chronic Hypoxia such as in COPD, Smoking or Living at High Altitudes
Isolated Erythrocytosis is almost always?
Secondary to chronic hypoxia, COPD, Smoking or Living at high altitudes
Erythrocytosis Associated with Other “Cytoses” are Generally Associated with?
Myeloproliferative Syndromes such as Polycythemia vera
Leukopenia’s May Be Primarily Due to?
Marrow Failure as might be seen in Myelodysplastic syndromes
Leukopenia’s may also be caused by?
Drugs, Infections, Cancers or Connective Tissue disorders
Leukocytosis may be primarily caused by?
myeloproliferative disorders or acute or chronic leukemias
Leukocytosis may be secondary to?
Leukocytosis is defined as how many WBC?
drugs, infections, Cancers or inflammatory conditions
Defined as WBC>10,000
Neutrophilic leukocytosis is called what
neutrophilia or granulocytosis
Lymphocytic Leukocytosis`
Lymphocytosis
Eosinophilic Leukocytosis
eosinophilia
Monocytic Leukocytosis
monocytosis
Basophilic Leukocytosis
Basophilia
What is the first step you should do after identifying Leukocytosis
Check Peripheral smear
RBC count measures?
of circulating RBCs in 1 mm3 of peripheral venous blood
Hemoglobin (Hgb) measures?
Measure of the total amount of Hgb in an aliquot of peripheral blood; used as a rapid indirect measurement of the total body RBC count
Hematocrit measures?
Measure of % of RBCs per blood volume; used as an indirect measurement of total body RBC mass
Mean Corpuscular Volume measures?
Measurement of the average volume (size) of a RBC
Platelet Count
of platelets per cubic mm of blood
Reticulocyte Count
(Important) measures
Young, immature, non-nucleated RBCs
Indication of RBC production by bone marrow.
For the level to be meaningful it must be viewed in relation to the total number of erythrocytes (absolute reticulocyte count = % reticulocytes x erythrocyte count)
What is a Rouleaux Formation?
Are RBC’s that are stacked together. This would cause a RBC count to be low and could only be revealed by microscopy. So microscopy is important in helping to diagnose the condition that is causing the CBC abnormality.
what is a Microcytic Hypochromic anemia?
RBC’s are smaller than normal (microcytic) and with increased zone of central pallor (hypochromic-less Hgb)
What is a Macrocytic anemia with hyper-segmented neutrophils
RBCs increased in size (macrocytic) and neutrophil with more lobes (hypersegmented) than norm of 3-4 lobes. Findingds Indicative of Megaloblastic anemias commonly due to folate or B12 deficiencies
Anisocytosis
variation of the size of RBC’s
Poikilocytosis
Variation of the shape of RBC’s
Shistocytes
Fragment RBC, which are indicative of a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)
Howell-Jolly Body
RBC that contains several Howell-Jolly bodies or inclusions of nuclear chromatin remnants. Would be seen in a patient who is lacking a spleen
Basophilic Stippling
in which erythrocytes display small dots at the periphery. The dots are ribosomes and can often be found in the peripheral blood smear. suggesting toxic injury to the bone marrow (ex. Lead poisoning,hemolysis,thalasesemia) or severe anemia (magaloblastic anemia) contain RNA
Acanthocytes are associated with
(spur cells) Severe liver disease, malnutrition
Bite cells or blister cells are associated with
G6PD deficiency
Basophilic stippling is associated with
Hemolysis, Lead poisoning, thalassemia
Echinocytes or burr cells are associated with
Renal failure
Rouleaux is associated with
multiple myeloma
Shistocytes and fragmented RBC’s are associated with
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, DIC, Vasculitis, malignant HTN, Eclampsia
Stomatocytes are associated with
alcoholism, hereditary stomatocytosis
Target cells are associated with
thalassemia, hemoglobins C,D,E and S, Liver disease
Teardrop cells are associated with
myelofibrosis, myelophthisis-bone marrow infiltration by neoplastic cells
Reactive lymphocytes are associated with
viral infections
hypersegmented neutrophils are associated with
Pernicious anemia
Microcytic- low MCV are associated with
-Advanced Iron deficiency anemia
-Thalassemia Trait
Sideroblastic anemia
Lead Poisoning
-Anemia of chronic disease/inflammation
Normocytic- Norm MCV are associated with
-bone marrow aplasia/hypoplasia
-Renal/Liver disease
Myelofibrosis
-Myelodysplasia
-Hemolytic Anemia
-Hemorrhagic anemia
-Chronic disease/inflammation
Macrocytic-High MCV are associated with
- B12 Deficiency
- Folate Deficiency
- Prior cancer or Chemo
- Myelodysplasia
- Hypothyroidism
- Liver Disease
What is the function of Neutrophils?
Engulf and destroy small bacteria and foreign substances
What is the function of Lymphocytes?
Some destroy foreign cells by causing their membranes to rupture; some develop into cells that produce antibodies targeting specific foreign substances
What is the function of monocytes?
Monocytes: Give rise to leukocytes that engulf and destroy large bacteria and substances
what is the function of eosinophils?
Attack parasites; limit inflammation associated with allergic reactions
what is the function of basophils?
Release histamines that cause inflammation; release anticoagulants, which prevent blood clots
