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Pathophysiology - Block 2 > Hematopoiesis - Blood > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Formation of blood cellular components

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2
Q

Hematopoietic tissue

A

Embryo: Yolk sac; eventually liver (spleen also involved).
Adult: Bone marrow - myeloid cells and initially lymphoid cells); thymus, lymphvnodes, spleen (lymphoid cells).

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3
Q

Formed elements

A

Cells and cell fragments of blood; erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets.

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4
Q

Percentage of blood taken up by RBCs

A

Male: 41-53%
Female: 36-46%

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5
Q

Percentage of blood taken up by WBCs; relative distribution amongst (pneumonic)

A

0.1%
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

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6
Q

Percentage of blood taken up by platelets

A

<1%

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7
Q

Hematocrit distribution

A

Plasma: 55%
Formed elements: 45%
Buffy coat (WBCs/platelets): <1%

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8
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid component of blood that normally holds blood cells.

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9
Q

Plasma proteins and role

A

Albumin: Increase osmotic pressure, carrier protein
Globulins: (Alpha, beta) Carrier proteins, fibronectin, lipoproteins, clotting factors; (gamma) immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Fibrinogen/prothrombin: Clot formation

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10
Q

Serum

A

Plasma from which fibrinogen, which causes clotting, has been removed (as well as clotting factors and contains platelet-derived growth factor).

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11
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Blood cells that function in transporting oxygen and CO2 throughout bloodstream.

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12
Q

Macrocyte

A

Enlarged erythrocyte due to low folic acid (causing decrease cellular division in progenitors)

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13
Q

Microcyte

A

Small erythrocyted due to low iron (causing increased cellular division in progenitors)

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14
Q

Reticulocyte

A

Immature RBCs normally making up 1-2% of erythrocyte population. Some ribosomal RNA can still be seen in these cells.

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15
Q

Concentration of erythrocytes in blood

A

Males: 4.5-5.9x10^6
Females: 4.0-5.2x10^6

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16
Q

RBC life span

A

120 days

17
Q

RBC function

A

Transport oxygen to tissues and carry CO2 away

18
Q

Granulocytes (names)

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

19
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes, monocytes

20
Q

Eosinophilia

A

Increased number of eosinophils. Associated with allergic reactions and helminthic infections.

21
Q

Eosinophil function during allergic reaction

A

Down regulate inflammation.
Specifically: Release histaminase and arylsulfatase granules to inactivate histamine and leukotrienes. Phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes.

22
Q

Eosinophil function during helminth infection

A

Surround and kill parasitic worms.

Specifically: Release major basic protein, cationic protein, and peroxidase.

23
Q

Distinguish between the two types of lymphocytes: B cells (include distribution, origin/maturation, location, type of immunity, functions)

A

Distribution: 20-30% of lymphocytes.
Origin/maturation: Originate and mature in bone marrow.
Location: Circulate via lymph and blood.
Type of immunity: Humoral (fluid) immunity.
Functions: Activate by specific antigen and a helper T cell. Precursor of plasma cells - which release antibodies).

24
Q

Distinguish between the two types of lymphocytes: T cells (include distribution, origin/maturation, location, type of immunity, functions)

A

Distribution: 60-80% of lymphocytes.
Origin/Maturation: Originate in bone marrow, mature in thymus.
Location: Circulate among secondary lymphoid tissues.
Type of immunity: Cell mediated immuinity.
Functions: T cells activate B cells.

25
Q

Contents of specific granules of granulocytes: Neutrophils (5)

A

Alkaline phosphatase
Collagenase: Dissolves collagen for easier motility
Lactoferrin: Binds iron, a crucial element in bacterial nutrition.
Lysozyme: Cleaves bonds in cell wall of some GP bacteria.
Several nonenzymatic antibacterial basic proteins.

26
Q

Contents of specific granules of granulocytes: Eosinophils (6)

A

Arylsulfatase: Breakdown leukotrienes.
Collagenase: Dissolves collagen.
Peroxidase: Kills helminths.
Histaminase: Breaks down histamine.
Catonic protein: Involved in helminth death.
Major basic protein: Involved in helminth death.

27
Q

Contents of specific granules of granulocytes: Basophils

A

Eosinophilic chemotactic factor
Heparin: Blood thinner
Histamine: Vasodilation, increased vessel permeability.
Peroxidase
Leukotrienes: Involved in inflammation, smooth muscle contraction.

Pathophysiology - Block 2 (7 decks)

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