Hematopoiesis and Introduction to Peripheral Blood Flashcards
What are the 4 most important hematopoietic growth factors?
CSF (colony stimulating factor)
Cytokines
EPO (erythrpoietin)
TPO (thrombopoietin)
What is the 1st potentiator of differentiation?
SCF (stem cell factor)
What is the function of IL-3?
Influences replication and growth potential of hematopoietic progenitors
What is the function of IL-6?
Stimulates megakaryocytes and neutrophil production; key factor in leukemoid reaction
What is the function of IL-2?
T-cell growth factor
What is the function of IL-2 and IL-6 combined?
B-cell growth factor
What does G-CSF do?
Stimulates increase in neutrophils; treatment for neutropenia after chemotherapy or bone marrow transplant
What does EPO do?
Stimulates formation of RBC’s; produced by kidney
What does TPO do?
Stimulates increase in megakaryocytes and platelets; produced by liver
What is MCV?
Mean corpuscular volume; average volume of RBC
What is MCHC?
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume
What is RPI? What does it increase with?
Reticulocyte production index; corrected reticulocyte % based on RBC volume; increases with increased RBC destruction
What is the normal value of Hb?
Males: 13.5 - 17.5
Females: 12.3 - 15.3
What is the normal value of Hct?
Males: 40-52
Females: 36-48
What is the normal value for RBC?
Males: 4.5 - 6.5
Females: 3.9 - 5.6
What is the normal value for MCV?
Males/Females: 80-95
What is the normal value for MCHC?
Males/Females: 30-35
What anemias are caused by a lack of iron?
Iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia
What anemia is caused by folate or B12 deficiency?
Megaloblastic anemia
What anemia results in pancytopenia usually caused by a toxin or drug effect?
Aplastic anemia
What anemia is caused by autoantibodies?
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
What is microcytic?
MCV < 80
What is normocytic?
MCV = 80-100
What is macrocytic?
MCV > 100
What are the microcytic anemias?
Iron deficiency, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease, sideroblastic anemia
What are the normocytic anemias with a low reticulocyte count?
Marrow failure, aplastic anemia, myelofibrosis, leukemia/metastasis, renal failure, anemia of chronic disease
What are the normocytic anemias with a high reticulocyte count?
Sickle cell anemia, G6PD deficiency, hereditary spherocytosis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
What are the macrocytic anemias?
Megaloblastic anemia, alcoholic liver disease
What is extramedullary hematopoiesis?
Hematopoiesis occurring in organs outside of the bone marrow
Define a left shift
Increased immature leukocytes, especially band forms
Define toxic granulation
Dark, coarse granules within neutrophils, especially in inflammatory conditions
What are the causes of neutrophilia?
Acute bacterial infection, medications (glucocorticoids, catecholamines), cigarette smoking, physical stress, myeloproliferative neoplasms/leukemia
In patients with thrombocytopenia, what should they avoid/what are they at risk for with less than 100k platelets? Less than 50k platelets? Less than 20k platelets?
< 100k platelets: high risk surgery should be avoided
< 50k platelets: at risk for surgical bleeding
< 20k platelets: at risk for severe spontaneous hemorrhage, intracranial bleeding
What are the causes of thrombocytopenia?
Increased platelet destruction, decreased production of platelets, sequesteration by the spleen in patients with splenomegaly
