Hematopoiesis and Cell Morphology Flashcards by Christa Lester

Where is hematopoiesis in a fetus

the yolk sac, liver and spleen

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where is hematopoiesis in after birth

the bone marrow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are hematopoietic tissues

bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, thymus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is red marrow

contain hematopoietic progenitors and developing cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is yellow marrow

inactive, mostly fat cells, macrophages and mesenchymal cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the stromal cells in the marrow

endothelial, adipocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is EPO

secreted in hypoxic states by the interstitial cells of the kidney to promote RBC production in the marrow

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is thrombopoietin

secreted by the liver and kidneys to develop megakaryocytes into platelets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are cytokines

trigger differentiation/maturation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does estrogen do in erythropoeisis

promotes erythropoiesis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do androgens do in erythropoeisis

promote erythropoiesis by promoting EPO production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do thyroid hormones do in erthropoiesis

promote erythropoiesis through increased HGB production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are hematopoitic stem cells

cells that can self-renew to produce more HSC, mature into pluripotent or precursor cells that give rise to WBCs, RBCs and PLTs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the intrinsic factors that cause HSC differentiation

genes and genetic composition of the cell

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the extrinsic factors that cause HSC differentiation

cytokines, growth hormones, hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cells are in the stem cell pool

hematopoitetic stem cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cells are in the proliferation pool

common myeloid pregenitor, granulocyte macrophage progenitor cells, myelocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cells are in the maturation pool

cells read for release into the peripheral blood (metamyeloctes, bands and segmented)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are marginating cells

loosely lovalized to the walls of capillaries in tissues such as the liver, spleen and lung

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are physiological causes of leukocytosis

strenuous exercise, emotional stress, labour, increased epinephrine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are pathological causes of leukocytosis

bacterial infection, neoplasms, acute hemorrhage, tissue damage, drugs and toxins, inflammatory disorders

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are primary lymph tissues

thymus, bone marrow, antigen independent maturation

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are secondary lymph tissues

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, mucosal lymph tissues, antigen dependent

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are T cells made

thymus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are B cells made

bone marrow

What are the CD markers for B lymphocytes

34, 45, 19, 20, 22, 24, kappa, lambda

What is the purpose of B lymphocytes

produce antibodies and memory cells as well as cytokines for T-cell regulation

What are the CD markers for T lymphocytes

34, 45, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 25

Where do platelets originate from

the myeloid cell line

What are the requirements for erythropoiesis

iron, B6, B12, folate, EPO

How long do RBC survive in circulation

120 days

What are the steps of erythropoiesis

1. begins in the bone marrow 2. reticulocytes are released into blood stream where they mature and circulate for ~120 days 3. old and damaged erythrocytes are phagocytized by macrophages in the bone marrow, liver and spleen 4. the globin is metabolized into amino acids and the cellular components are recycled 5. the heme portion is broken down into biliverdin for transport and iron binds to transferrin for transport 6. unused heme groups can be recycled or converted into bilirubin and used to make bile in the liver. Iron can be reused or transferred to ferritin for storage in the liver

What are transmembrane proteins of RBCs used for

transport and adhesion sites vertical membrane support signal receptors anchor bilayer to cytoskeleton

What are peripheral proteins of RBCs used for

lateral membrane stability and blood group proteins

What is cholesterol used for in RBCs

tensile strength, deformability at low temperatures, stability, anchoring proteins

What are phospholipids used for in RBCs

fluidity and elasticity

How does the RBC produce energy

the embden-meyerhoff pathway

What is the hexose monophosphate shunt

it prevents oxidative damage to the cell by keeping proteins and membranes functional. It also keeps iron in the ferrous state

What are the steps of the hexose monophosphate shunt

1. G6P is reduces NADP to NADPH using G6P dehydrogenase 2. NADPH converts glutathione to reduced glutathione 3. reduced glutathione reduces and breaks down hydrogen peroxide to water and carbon dioxide

What is the methemoglobin reductase pathway

maintains hemoglobin iron in the ferrous state for effective oxygen transport

How can ferric heme iron be treated

infusing patients with saturated oxygen or 1% methylene blue

What are the steps of the methemoglobin reductase pathway

1. G3P is converted to 1-3 biphosphoglycerate 2. G3P dehydrogenase reduces NADP to NADPH 3. Methemoglobin reductase uses NADH to reduce methemoglobin to hemoglobin

What is the Rapoport-Leubering Pathway

produces 2,3 biphosphoglycerate which competes with oxygen for the heme iron and allows oxygen to dissociate

What does effective hemoglobin production require

protoporphyrins, globin chains, iron

What are required for protoporphyrin production

glycine, succinyl CoA, vitamin B6, ALA synthase

Where are alpha chains used

all hemoglobin

Where are beta chains used

normal adult hemoglobin

Where are gamma chains used

embryonic, fetal and neonatal hemoglobin

Where are delta chains used

variant adut hemoglobin (A2)

Where are epsilon chains used

embryonic hemoglobin

Where are Zeta chains used

embryonic hemoglobin

What are the hemoglobin quantities at birth

60-90% HGB F 10-40% HGB A

What are the hemoglobin quantities from 6months - adulthood

1-2% HGB F >95% HGB A <3.5% HGB A2

Where is iron absorbed

the duodenum

In what form is iron absorbed

the ferrous form

How is iron usage regulated

Copper, Zinc, Transporters (hepcidine)

What is hemolysis

premature destruction of RBCs

What can cause hemolysis

defect in RBCs defect in environment

What are clinical features of hemolysis

pallor, lethargy, jaundice, splenomegaly, gall stones, dark urine, bone deformity, leg ulcers

What are lab findings of hemolysis

increased serum bilirubin increased urine urobilinogen increased fecal stercobilinogen absent serum haptoglobins increased lactate dehydrogenase reticulocytes bone marrow erythroid hyperplasia schistocytes

What is intravascular hemolysis

breakdown of red blood cells in circulation

What is extravascular hemolysis

excessive removal of red cells by the RE system in the spleen and liver