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Cellular Anatomy > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Anti-clotting agents

A

Heparin
Citrate

These are anti-coagulents that prevent clotting

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2
Q

Centrifuged Blood Layers

A

Top to Bottom

Plasma
Buffy Coat
Red blood cells

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3
Q

Volume of cells (mostly RBC)

A

Hematocrit

Normal value = 45%

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4
Q

Plasma Layer

A

Made up of :

Water 92%

Proteins 7%
(Albumins 58% make up)
(Globulins 37%)
Fibrinogen
Regulatory Proteins
Other solutes 1%
(Electrolytes
Nutrients
Respiratory gases
Waste Products
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5
Q

Buffy Coat Layer

A

Platelets
(150-350 thousand per cubic mm)

Leukocytes
(5-10 thousand per cubic mm)
Neutrophils (60-70%)
Lymphocytes (20-25%)
Monocytes (3-8%)
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6
Q

Leukocytes Role

A

Protect against bacterial infection

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7
Q

Lymphocytes Role

A

Protect against autoimmune disease

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8
Q

Monocytes

A

Immune response that secretes cytokines

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9
Q

What is plasma?

A

Fluid extracellular material of the blood in which cellular elements are suspended

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10
Q

What is serum?

A

liquid portion when the elements of clotting cascade are removed

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11
Q

Albumin

A

Maintains osmotic pressure in the blood

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12
Q

Alpha and Beta globulins

A

Transferrin and other transport factors, fibronection, prothrombin and other coagulation factors

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13
Q

Gamma globulins

A

immunoglobulins

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14
Q

Complement proteins

A

Role in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

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15
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Largest clotting protein

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16
Q

Pluripotent Stem Cells has two lines…

A

Lymphoid line –> Lymphoid stem cell

Myeloid line –> Myeloid stem cells

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17
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Enucleated and biconcave to increase surface area for gas exchange

Contains hemoglobin used for oxygen transport: oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin

18
Q

What does rouleaux mean?

A

Erythrocytes like to line up during infection and this is called rouleaux.

This is important because they will sediment quickly because they are bunched together

19
Q

Polycythemia

A

too many RBCs

20
Q

Anemia

A

too little RBCS

21
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

Single point mutation causing misfolding of the hemoglobin proteins –> leads to aggregation of RBCs

22
Q

Erythrocytes Characteristics

A

No nucleus

The nucleus becomes smaller and the color of the cytosol becomes red indicating that the concentration of hemoglobin in increasing

23
Q

Erythrocytes in men vs. women

A

More in men

is important in detecting colorectal cancer

24
Q

Development of Erythrocytes

A

Proerythroblast

Basophilic erythoblast

Polychromatiphilic erythroblast

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast

Nucleus (important in translation of hemoglobin)
is ejected from reticulocytes –> will mature in 2-3 days to Erythrocytes

25
Q

Immature reticulocytes in blood is an indication of

A

Malignancy

Increase demand of RBCs

26
Q

White Blood Cells/Leukocytes amount in body

A

4,000-11,000 cells/mm3

27
Q

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) are also called

A

Granulocytes

Consist of
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

28
Q

Mononuclear are also called

A

Agranulocytes

Consist of

Lymphocytes
Monocytes

29
Q

Granulocytes/PMN

A

Two Types:

  • Bind acidic, basic, or neutral stains
  • Azurophilic granules: Specialized lysosomes (important in killing microorganisms)

Short half life (hours to days)

30
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocytes/PMN
Most abundant WBC
Type of granulocyte

Appearance is beads on a string

31
Q

Increase in WBC is an indication of

A

infection when 90% neutrophils

This is called a left shift

32
Q

What is a left shift?

A

A left shift is an indication of bacterial infection which is shown by 90% neutrophils in the blood.

33
Q

What is a right shift?

A

A right shift is an indication that lymphocytes are high in the blood this is due to MONO

34
Q

Development of Myelocytes

A

Through CSF- colony stimulating factor

Location: Bone marrow

Start with:
Myeloblast

Promyelocyte

(Eosinophilic, Basophilic, and Neutrophilic) –>
Myelocyte

Metamyelocyte

Band Cell (between the metamyelocyte and the mature cell)

Mature granulocyte

35
Q

What is the importance of band cells?

A

Increase in band cells suggests bacterial infection because the cells are being pushed out of the bone marrow before maturation to try to fight the infection

36
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocytes/PMN

  • Bi-lobed nucleus
  • Important in parasite infections and allergic reactions and asthma
37
Q

What does a high count of eosinophil indicate?

A

Allergic reaction/Parasites reaction/Asthma

38
Q

Basophil

A

Granulocytes/PMN

Inflammatory Response
Granules bigger than the other cells and obscures the nucleus

Important in IgE - rich in histamine

39
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Mononuclear/Agranulocytes

20-50% of WBCS
Dense nucleus

3 Types:
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
NK cells

Life span varies

Maintains immunity
i.e. Chickenpox

40
Q

Monocytes

A

Mononuclear/Agranulocytes

2-10% of WBC
Phagocytosis of dead cells and other debris

Appearance is kidney shaped

Increase in monocytes is an indication of viral infection

41
Q

Platelet production

A

Myeloid stem cell –> Megakaryoblast –> promegakaryocye –> Megakaryocyte –> Platelets

undergoes endocytosis - nucleus divides but the cells does not

Aid in clotting by release of thromboxane (vasoconstrictor)

Cellular Anatomy (2 decks)

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