Hematopoiesis

Question 1

Anti-clotting agents

Answer 1

Heparin
Citrate

These are anti-coagulents that prevent clotting

Question 2

Centrifuged Blood Layers

Answer 2

Top to Bottom

Plasma
Buffy Coat
Red blood cells

Question 3

Volume of cells (mostly RBC)

Answer 3

Hematocrit

Normal value = 45%

Question 4

Plasma Layer

Answer 4

Made up of :

Water 92%

Proteins 7%
(Albumins 58% make up)
(Globulins 37%)
Fibrinogen
Regulatory Proteins

Other solutes 1%
(Electrolytes
Nutrients
Respiratory gases
Waste Products

Question 5

Buffy Coat Layer

Answer 5

Platelets
(150-350 thousand per cubic mm)

Leukocytes
(5-10 thousand per cubic mm)
Neutrophils (60-70%)
Lymphocytes (20-25%)
Monocytes (3-8%)

Question 6

Leukocytes Role

Answer 6

Protect against bacterial infection

Question 7

Lymphocytes Role

Answer 7

Protect against autoimmune disease

Question 8

Monocytes

Answer 8

Immune response that secretes cytokines

Question 9

What is plasma?

Answer 9

Fluid extracellular material of the blood in which cellular elements are suspended

Question 10

What is serum?

Answer 10

liquid portion when the elements of clotting cascade are removed

Question 11

Albumin

Answer 11

Maintains osmotic pressure in the blood

Question 12

Alpha and Beta globulins

Answer 12

Transferrin and other transport factors, fibronection, prothrombin and other coagulation factors

Question 13

Gamma globulins

Answer 13

immunoglobulins

Question 14

Complement proteins

Answer 14

Role in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

Question 15

Fibrinogen

Answer 15

Largest clotting protein

Question 16

Pluripotent Stem Cells has two lines…

Answer 16

Lymphoid line –> Lymphoid stem cell

Myeloid line –> Myeloid stem cells

Question 17

Erythrocytes

Answer 17

Enucleated and biconcave to increase surface area for gas exchange

Contains hemoglobin used for oxygen transport: oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin

Question 18

What does rouleaux mean?

Answer 18

Erythrocytes like to line up during infection and this is called rouleaux.

This is important because they will sediment quickly because they are bunched together

Question 19

Polycythemia

Answer 19

too many RBCs

Question 20

Anemia

Answer 20

too little RBCS

Question 21

Sickle Cell Disease

Answer 21

Single point mutation causing misfolding of the hemoglobin proteins –> leads to aggregation of RBCs

Question 22

Erythrocytes Characteristics

Answer 22

No nucleus

The nucleus becomes smaller and the color of the cytosol becomes red indicating that the concentration of hemoglobin in increasing

Question 23

Erythrocytes in men vs. women

Answer 23

More in men

is important in detecting colorectal cancer

Question 24

Development of Erythrocytes

Answer 24

Proerythroblast

Basophilic erythoblast

Polychromatiphilic erythroblast

Orthochromatophilic erythroblast

Nucleus (important in translation of hemoglobin)
is ejected from reticulocytes –> will mature in 2-3 days to Erythrocytes

Question 25

Immature reticulocytes in blood is an indication of

Answer 25

Malignancy | Increase demand of RBCs

Question 26

White Blood Cells/Leukocytes amount in body

Answer 26

4,000-11,000 cells/mm3

Question 27

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) are also called

Answer 27

Granulocytes Consist of Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

Question 28

Mononuclear are also called

Answer 28

Agranulocytes Consist of Lymphocytes Monocytes

Question 29

Granulocytes/PMN

Answer 29

Two Types: - Bind acidic, basic, or neutral stains - Azurophilic granules: Specialized lysosomes (important in killing microorganisms) Short half life (hours to days)

Question 30

Neutrophils

Answer 30

Granulocytes/PMN Most abundant WBC Type of granulocyte Appearance is beads on a string

Question 31

Increase in WBC is an indication of

Answer 31

infection when 90% neutrophils This is called a left shift

Question 32

What is a left shift?

Answer 32

A left shift is an indication of bacterial infection which is shown by 90% neutrophils in the blood.

Question 33

What is a right shift?

Answer 33

A right shift is an indication that lymphocytes are high in the blood this is due to MONO

Question 34

Development of Myelocytes

Answer 34

Through CSF- colony stimulating factor Location: Bone marrow Start with: Myeloblast Promyelocyte (Eosinophilic, Basophilic, and Neutrophilic) --> Myelocyte Metamyelocyte Band Cell (between the metamyelocyte and the mature cell) Mature granulocyte

Question 35

What is the importance of band cells?

Answer 35

Increase in band cells suggests bacterial infection because the cells are being pushed out of the bone marrow before maturation to try to fight the infection

Question 36

Eosinophils

Answer 36

Granulocytes/PMN - Bi-lobed nucleus - Important in parasite infections and allergic reactions and asthma

Question 37

What does a high count of eosinophil indicate?

Answer 37

Allergic reaction/Parasites reaction/Asthma

Question 38

Basophil

Answer 38

Granulocytes/PMN Inflammatory Response Granules bigger than the other cells and obscures the nucleus Important in IgE - rich in histamine

Question 39

Lymphocytes

Answer 39

Mononuclear/Agranulocytes 20-50% of WBCS Dense nucleus 3 Types: T lymphocytes B lymphocytes NK cells Life span varies Maintains immunity i.e. Chickenpox

Question 40

Monocytes

Answer 40

Mononuclear/Agranulocytes 2-10% of WBC Phagocytosis of dead cells and other debris Appearance is kidney shaped Increase in monocytes is an indication of viral infection

Question 41

Platelet production

Answer 41

Myeloid stem cell --> Megakaryoblast --> promegakaryocye --> Megakaryocyte --> Platelets undergoes endocytosis - nucleus divides but the cells does not Aid in clotting by release of thromboxane (vasoconstrictor)