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Hematology > Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Where does blood cell development occur in an embryo?

A

In the yolk sac

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2
Q

Where does blood cell development occur in a fetus?

A

From 6 weeks to 7 months it is predominantly in the liver and spleen; from 7 to 9 months, it is predominantly in the bone marrow.

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3
Q

In which bones is marrow most active in hematopoiesis in an adult?

A

The ribs, vertebrae, and sternum; the tibia and femur lose marrow by the mid 30s

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4
Q

How can the normal expected cellular content of the bone marrow be calculated?

A

100-age of patient is a decent indicator for how much of a patient’s bone marrow should be cellular versus fat

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5
Q

What are the main types of arterial supply to bone marrow?

A

Nutrient arteries and the periosteal capillary beds provide oxygen and nutrients to the marrow

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6
Q

How do blood cells enter circulation and how are premature cells blocked?

A

Mature blood cells enter the blood via endothelium lined sinusoids; adventitial reticular cells assure that cells leaving the sinusoids are mature. Cells enter the central vein (or sinus) thereafter

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7
Q

What types of cells exist outside the vascular network of the marrow?

A

1) Actively replicating hematopoietic cells–generate new cells
2) stroma (fat, macrophages, reticular cells, and fibroblasts)–supports structure
3) lymphoid tissue
4) nerves
5) trabecular bone

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8
Q

What are the roles of T-cells and macrophages in the bone marrow?

A

They produce growth factors that promote division and differentiation.

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9
Q

What is the first cell type in the morphogenic tree of hematopoietic cells?

A

The hematopoietic stem cells

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10
Q

How can hematopoietic stem cells be distinguished from other local cells?

A

They are CD34+ and lack lineage markers that would identify them as differentiated. They also are unlikely to be noticed dividing

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11
Q

What is the first branch of committed differentiation?

A

Myeloid cells (granulocytes, erythrocytes) and lymphoid cells

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12
Q

What are some properties of hematopoietic growth factors?

A
  • Most are cytokines
  • multiple factors can work on multiple cell lines
  • produced by extravascular cells
  • can act synergistically with other growth factors
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13
Q

What is the main growth factor involved in early differentiation?

A

c-kit ligand promotes early differentiation

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14
Q

What are two growth factors that promote myeloid development?

A
  • IL-3

- granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor

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15
Q

Which types of receptors are the primary targets of most growth factors?

A

JAK/STAT tyrosine kinases

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16
Q

What are the first two stages of erythroid development?

A

BFU-e (burst forming unit-erythroid) and CFU-e (colony forming unit-erythroid)

17
Q

What hormone is the main trigger to promote differentiation from a BFU to a CFU, where is it produced, and under what conditions?

A
  • Erythropoietin
  • the kidney
  • hypoxia
18
Q

What are the six main stages of erythrocyte development?

A

1) Pronormoblast
2) Basophilic normoblast
3) Polychromatophilic normoblast
4) Orthochromatophilic normoblast
5) Reticulocyte
6) Erythrocyte

19
Q

What do the stages of erythrocyte development show?

A
  • -the extent to which hemoglobin has been produced

- -the extent to which the nuclear material has been eliminated

20
Q

What is the different in content between a reticulocyte and an erythrocyte?

A

Reticulocytes still have some RNA in them that allows them to be stained a bluer color

21
Q

About how long to red blood cells live?

A

120 days

22
Q

What growth factors promote differentiation within the granulocyte tree?

A

G-CSF (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils) and M-CSF (monocytes)

23
Q

What are the stages of differentiation for most myeloid cells?

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. Metamyelocyte
  5. Band
24
Q

What are the stages of differentiation for a monocyte?

A
  1. Monoblast
  2. Promonocyte
  3. Monocyte
25
Q

What is the process of platelet production called?

A

Megakaryopoiesis or thrombopoiesis

26
Q

What are the main growth factors for megakaryocyte development?

A

IL-3, SCF, IL-6 and IL-11

27
Q

What growth factor targets CFU-MEG cells, where is it made, and what is the main regulator of its production?

A

Thrombopoietin; made in the liver; regulated by the amount of platelets in the blood

28
Q

What is a distinguishing factor of the megakaryocyte nucleus?

A

The nucleus has multiple diploid copies of chromosomes and has multilobed nuclei. These are the result of endomitosis

29
Q

How long to platelets live?

A

7-10 days

30
Q

What are the contents of the electron dense granules in platelets?

A

ADP, ATP, Ca++, serotonin

31
Q

What are the contents of the alpha granules?

A

Mostly clotting factors

32
Q

Through what structure are granular contents secreted?

A

The open canalicular system

33
Q

What is the normal range of platelets in blood stream?

A

150‐450x10^9/L

Hematology (3 decks)

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